Nucleus

Look up nucleus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Nucleus (PL: nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. 　It most often refers to: Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus may also refer to:

Timing

Look up timing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Timing is the tracking or planning of the spacing of events in time. 　It may refer to: Timekeeping, the process of measuring the passage of time Synchronization, controlling the timing of a process relative to another process Time metrology, the measurement of time

Splitting (psychology)

Splitting (also called black-and-white thinking or all-or-nothing thinking) is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together the dichotomy of both perceived positive and negative qualities of something into a cohesive, realistic whole. 　It is a common defense mechanism wherein the individual tends to think in extremes (e.g., an individual's actions and motivations are all good or all bad with no middle ground). 　This kind of dichotomous interpretation is contrasted by an acknowledgement of certain nuances known as "shades of gray". 　Splitting was first described by Ronald Fairbairn in his formulation of object relations theory; it begins as the inability of the infant to combine the fulfilling aspects of the parents (the good object) and their unresponsive aspects (the unsatisfying object) into the same individuals, instead seeing the good and bad as separate. 　In psychoanalytic theory this functions as a defense mechanism.

Sensor

A sensor is a device that produces an output signal for the purpose of sensing a physical phenomenon. 　In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem that detects events or changes in its environment and sends the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. 　Sensors are always used with other electronics. 　Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, and in innumerable applications of which most people are never aware. 　With advances in micromachinery and easy-to-use microcontroller platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the traditional fields of temperature, pressure and flow measurement, for example into MARG sensors. 　Analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely used. 　Their applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine, robotics and many other aspects of our day-to-day life. 　There is a wide range of other sensors that measure chemical and physical properties of materials, including optical sensors for refractive index measurement, vibrational sensors for fluid viscosity measurement, and electro-chemical sensors for monitoring pH of fluids. 　A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much its output changes when the input quantity it measures changes. 　For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1  cm when the temperature changes by 1 °C, its sensitivity is 1 cm/°C (it is basically the slope dy/dx assuming a linear characteristic). 　Some sensors can also affect what they measure; for instance, a room temperature thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer. 　Sensors are usually designed to have a small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages. 　Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology. 　In most cases, a microsensor reaches a significantly faster measurement time and higher sensitivity compared with macroscopic approaches. 　Due to the increasing demand for rapid, affordable and reliable information in today's world, disposable sensors—low-cost and easy‐to‐use devices for short‐term monitoring or single‐shot measurements—have recently gained growing importance. 　Using this class of sensors, critical analytical information can be obtained by anyone, anywhere and at any time, without the need for recalibration and worrying about contamination.

Anxiety

Anxiety is an emotion which is characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. 　Anxiety is different than fear in that the former is defined as the anticipation of a future threat whereas the latter is defined as the emotional response to a real threat. 　It is often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination. 　Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and worry, usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing. 　It is often accompanied by muscular tension, restlessness, fatigue, inability to catch one's breath, tightness in the abdominal region, nausea, and problems in concentration. 　Anxiety is closely related to fear, which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat (fight or flight response); anxiety involves the expectation of future threat including dread. 　People facing anxiety may withdraw from situations which have provoked anxiety in the past. 　The emotion of anxiety can persist beyond the developmentally appropriate time-periods in response to specific events, and thus turning into one of the multiple anxiety disorders (e.g. generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder). 　The difference between anxiety disorder (as mental disorder) and anxiety (as normal emotion), is that people with an anxiety disorder experience anxiety most of the days during approximately 6 months, or even during shorter time-periods in children. 　Anxiety disorders are among the most persistent mental problems and often last decades. 　Besides, strong percepts of anxiety exist within other mental disorders, e.g. obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder.

Corn (pathology)

A corn or clavus (plural clavi or clavuses) is a cone-shaped and often painful inwardly directed callus of dead skin that forms at a pressure point near a bone, or on a weight-bearing part of the body. 　When on the feet, corns can be so painful as to interfere with walking. 　The visible portion of the corn tends to be more-or-less round, but corns are defined by having a hard tapering root that is directed inward, and pressure on the corn pushes this root deeper into the flesh. 　(Thus the Latin term clavus 'nail'.) 　Pressure corns usually occur on thin or glabrous (hairless and smooth) skin surfaces, especially on the dorsal surface of toes or fingers, but corns triggered by an acute injury (such as a thorn) may occur on the thicker skin of the palms or bottom of the feet (palmar corns and plantar corns). 　Pressure corns form when chronic pressure on the skin against an underlying bone traces a usually elliptical path during the rubbing motion. 　The corn forms at the center of the pressure point and gradually widens and deepens. 　Corns from an acute injury, such as a from a thorn in the sole of the foot, may form due to the weight of the body, when the process that creates the usually evenly developing plantar callus is concentrated at the point of the healing injury, as an internal callus may be triggered by pressure on the transitional scar tissue. 　Once formed, the corn itself becomes the pressure point that generates the callus. 　Plantar corns are superficially similar to plantar warts, but the cause and treatment are very different.

Corn

Corn is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. 　The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences (or "tassels") and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that when fertilized yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. 　The term corn is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a common name because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike maize, which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region. 　Corn has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of corn surpassing that of wheat or rice. 　In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), corn is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other corn products, such as corn starch and corn syrup. 　The six major types of corn are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. 　Sugar-rich varieties called sweet corn are usually grown for human consumption as kernels, while field corn varieties are used for animal feed, various corn-based human food uses (including grinding into cornmeal or masa, pressing into corn oil, fermentation and distillation into alcoholic beverages like bourbon whiskey), and as feedstocks for the chemical industry. 　Corn is also used in making ethanol and other biofuels. 　Corn is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of corn is produced each year than any other grain. 　In 2021, total world production was 1.2 billion tonnes. 　Corn is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the Americas, with 384 million metric tons grown in the United States alone in 2021.[citation needed] Genetically modified corn made up 85% of the corn planted in the United States in 2009. 　Subsidies in the United States help to account for its high level of cultivation of corn and its position as the largest producer in the world.

Grief

Grief is the response to loss, particularly to the loss of someone or some living thing that has died, to which a bond or affection was formed. 　Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, grief also has physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, cultural, spiritual and philosophical dimensions. 　While the terms are often used interchangeably, bereavement refers to the state of loss, while grief is the reaction to that loss. 　The grief associated with death is familiar to most people, but individuals grieve in connection with a variety of losses throughout their lives, such as unemployment, ill health or the end of a relationship. 　Loss can be categorized as either physical or abstract; physical loss is related to something that the individual can touch or measure, such as losing a spouse through death, while other types of loss are more abstract, possibly relating to aspects of a person's social interactions.

Metallic

Look up metallic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Wikimedia Commons has media related to metallic. 　Metallic may be a reference to: Metal Metalloid, metal-like substance Metallic bonding, type of chemical bonding Metallicity, in astronomy the proportion of elements other than helium and hydrogen in an object Metallic color, a color that gives the appearance of metal Metallic dragon, a classification of dragon found in the role playing game Dungeons & Dragons Metallic paint, paint that provides the appearance of metal Heavy metal music, a genre of rock music

Continent

A continent is any of several large geographical regions. 　Continents are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, it could be a single landmass or a part of a very large landmass, as in the case of Asia or Europe. 　Due to this, the number of continents varies; up to seven or as few as four geographical regions are commonly regarded as continents. 　Most English-speaking countries recognize seven regions as continents. 　In order from largest to smallest in area, these seven regions are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. 　Different variations with fewer continents merge some of these regions, examples of this are merging North America and South America into America, Asia and Europe into Eurasia, and Africa, Asia, and Europe into Afro-Eurasia. 　Oceanic islands are frequently grouped with a nearby continent to divide all the world's land into geographical regions. 　Under this scheme, most of the island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean are grouped together with the continent of Australia to form the geographical region Oceania. 　In geology, a continent is defined as "one of Earth's major landmasses, including both dry land and continental shelves". 　The geological continents correspond to seven large areas of continental crust that are found on the tectonic plates, but exclude small continental fragments such as Madagascar that are generally referred to as microcontinents. 　Continental crust is only known to exist on Earth. 　The idea of continental drift gained recognition in the 20th century. 　It postulates that the current continents formed from the breaking up of a supercontinent (Pangaea) that formed hundreds of millions of years ago.

Apollo

This article contains special characters. 　Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. 　Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. 　The national divinity of the Greeks, Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the Sun and light, poetry, and more. 　One of the most important and complex of the Greek gods, he is the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis, goddess of the hunt. 　Seen as the most beautiful god and the ideal of the kouros (ephebe, or a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo is considered to be the most Greek of all the gods.　[citation needed] Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu. 　As the patron deity of Delphi (Apollo Pythios), Apollo is an oracular god—the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. 　Apollo is the god who affords help and wards off evil; various epithets call him the "averter of evil". 　Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius. 　Apollo delivered people from epidemics, yet he is also a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague with his arrows. 　The invention of archery itself is credited to Apollo and his sister Artemis. 　Apollo is usually described as carrying a silver or golden bow and a quiver of silver or golden arrows. 　Apollo's capacity to make youths grow is one of the best attested facets of his panhellenic cult persona. 　As a protector of the young (kourotrophos), Apollo is concerned with the health and education of children. 　He presided over their passage into adulthood. 　Long hair, which was the prerogative of boys, was cut at the coming of age (ephebeia) and dedicated to Apollo. 　Apollo is an important pastoral deity, and was the patron of herdsmen and shepherds. 　Protection of herds, flocks and crops from diseases, pests and predators were his primary duties. 　On the other hand, Apollo also encouraged founding new towns and establishment of civil constitution. 　He is associated with dominion over colonists. 　He was the giver of laws, and his oracles were consulted before setting laws in a city. 　As the god of mousike, Apollo presides over all music, songs, dance and poetry. 　He is the inventor of string-music, and the frequent companion of the Muses, functioning as their chorus leader in celebrations. 　The lyre is a common attribute of Apollo. 　In Hellenistic times, especially during the 5th century BCE, as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios, the personification of the Sun. 　In Latin texts, however, there was no conflation of Apollo with Sol among the classical Latin poets until 1st century CE. 　Apollo and Helios/Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts until the 5th century CE.

Napoleon

Battles of Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. 　He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. 　Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. 　He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. 　His wars and campaigns are studied by militaries all over the world. 　Between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars. 　Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica, not long after its annexation by France, to a native family descending from minor Italian nobility. 　He supported the French Revolution in 1789 while serving in the French army, and tried to spread its ideals to his native Corsica. 　He rose rapidly in the Army after he saved the governing French Directory by firing on royalist insurgents. 　In 1796, he began a military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring decisive victories and becoming a national hero. 　Two years later, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. 　He engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. 　Differences with the United Kingdom meant France faced the War of the Third Coalition by 1805. 　Napoleon shattered this coalition with victories in the Ulm campaign, and at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. 　In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him. 　Napoleon defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, marched the Grande Armée into Eastern Europe, and defeated the Russians in June 1807 at Friedland, forcing the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to accept the Treaties of Tilsit. 　Two years later, the Austrians challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram. 　Hoping to extend the Continental System, his embargo against Britain, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. 　The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted in the Peninsular War aided by a British army, culminating in defeat for Napoleon's marshals. 　Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. 　The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic retreat of Napoleon's Grande Armée. 　In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France, resulting in a large coalition army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig. 　The coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. 　He was exiled to the island of Elba, between Corsica and Italy. 　In France, the Bourbons were restored to power. 　Napoleon escaped in February 1815 and took control of France. 　The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. 　The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic, where he died in 1821 at the age of 51. 　Napoleon had an extensive impact on the modern world, bringing liberal reforms to the lands he conquered, especially the regions of the Low Countries, Switzerland and parts of modern Italy and Germany. 　He implemented many liberal policies in France and Western Europe.

Inspection

An inspection is, most generally, an organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. 　In engineering activities inspection involves the measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an object or activity. 　The results are usually compared to specified requirements and standards for determining whether the item or activity is in line with these targets, often with a Standard Inspection Procedure in place to ensure consistent checking. 　Inspections are usually non-destructive. 　Inspections may be a visual inspection or involve sensing technologies such as ultrasonic testing, accomplished with a direct physical presence or remotely such as a remote visual inspection, and manually or automatically such as an automated optical inspection. 　Non-contact optical measurement and photogrammetry have become common NDT methods for inspection of manufactured components and design optimisation. 　A 2007 Scottish Government review of scrutiny of public services (the Crerar Review) defined inspection of public services as "... periodic, targeted scrutiny of specific services, to check whether they are meeting national and local performance standards, legislative and professional requirements, and the needs of service users." 　A surprise inspection tends to have different results than an announced inspection. 　Leaders wanting to know how others in their organization perform can drop in without warning, to see directly what happens. 　If an inspection is made known in advance, it can give people a chance to cover up or to fix mistakes. 　This could lead to distorted and inaccurate findings. 　A surprise inspection, therefore, gives inspectors a better picture of the typical state of the inspected object or process than an announced inspection. 　It also enhances external confidence in the inspection process.　: 28

Lighter

A lighter is a portable device which creates a flame, and can be used to ignite a variety of items, such as cigarettes, gas lighter, fireworks, candles or campfires. 　It consists of a metal or plastic container filled with a flammable liquid or compressed gas, a means of ignition to produce the flame, and some provision for extinguishing the flame. 　Alternatively, a lighter can be powered by electricity, using an electric arc or heating element to ignite the target.

Prague

Prague (/prɑːɡ/ PRAHG; Czech: Praha [ˈpraɦa] (listen); German: Prag, pronounced [pʁaːk] (listen); Latin: Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. 　On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. 　The city has a temperate oceanic climate, with relatively warm summers and chilly winters. 　Prague is a political, cultural, and economic hub of central Europe, with a rich history and Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architectures. 　It was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and residence of several Holy Roman Emperors, most notably Charles IV (r. 1346–1378). 　It was an important city to the Habsburg monarchy and Austro-Hungarian Empire. 　The city played major roles in the Bohemian and the Protestant Reformations, the Thirty Years' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era. 　Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe. 　Main attractions include Prague Castle, Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, the Jewish Quarter, Petřín hill and Vyšehrad. 　Since 1992, the historic center of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. 　The city has more than ten major museums, along with numerous theaters, galleries, cinemas, and other historical exhibits. 　An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city. 　It is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe. 　Prague is classified as an "Alpha-" global city according to GaWC studies. 　In 2019, the city was ranked as 69th most livable city in the world by Mercer. 　In the same year, the PICSA Index ranked the city as 13th most livable city in the world. 　Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination and as of 2017, the city receives more than 8.5 million international visitors annually. 　In 2017, Prague was listed as the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Rome, and Istanbul.

Cannon

A cannon is a large-caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant. 　Gunpowder ("black powder") was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder during the late 19th century. 　Cannons vary in gauge, effective range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire and firepower; different forms of cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees, depending on their intended use on the battlefield. 　A cannon is a type of heavy artillery weapon. 　The word cannon is derived from several languages, in which the original definition can usually be translated as tube, cane, or reed. 　In the modern era, the term cannon has fallen into decline, replaced by guns or artillery, if not a more specific term such as howitzer or mortar, except for high-caliber automatic weapons firing bigger rounds than machine guns, called autocannons. 　The earliest known depiction of cannons appeared in Song dynasty China as early as the 12th century; however, solid archaeological and documentary evidence of cannons do not appear until the 13th century. 　In 1288 Yuan dynasty troops are recorded to have used hand cannon in combat, and the earliest extant cannon bearing a date of production comes from the same period. 　By the early 14th century, possible mentions of cannon had appeared in the Middle East and the depiction of one in Europe by 1326. 　Recorded usage of cannon began appearing almost immediately after. 　They subsequently spread to India, their usage on the subcontinent being first attested to in 1366. 　By the end of the 14th century, cannons were widespread throughout Eurasia. 　Cannons were used primarily as anti-infantry weapons until around 1374, when large cannons were recorded to have breached walls for the first time in Europe. 　Cannons featured prominently as siege weapons, and ever larger pieces appeared. 　In 1464 a 16,000 kg (35,000 lb) cannon known as the Great Turkish Bombard was created in the Ottoman Empire. 　Cannons as field artillery became more important after 1453, with the introduction of limber, which greatly improved cannon maneuverability and mobility. 　European cannons reached their longer, lighter, more accurate, and more efficient "classic form" around 1480. 　This classic European cannon design stayed relatively consistent in form with minor changes until the 1750s.

Limestone

Limestone (calcium carbonate CaCO3) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. 　It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of CaCO3. 　Limestone forms when these minerals precipitate out of water containing dissolved calcium. 　This can take place through both biological and nonbiological processes, though biological processes, such as the accumulation of corals and shells in the sea, have likely been more important for the last 540 million years. 　Limestone often contains fossils which provide scientists with information on ancient environments and on the evolution of life. 　About 20% to 25% of sedimentary rock is carbonate rock, and most of this is limestone. 　The remaining carbonate rock is mostly dolomite, a closely related rock, which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2. 　Magnesian limestone is an obsolete and poorly-defined term used variously for dolomite, for limestone containing significant dolomite (dolomitic limestone), or for any other limestone containing a significant percentage of magnesium. 　Most limestone was formed in shallow marine environments, such as continental shelves or platforms, though smaller amounts were formed in many other environments. 　Much dolomite is secondary dolomite, formed by chemical alteration of limestone. 　Limestone is exposed over large regions of the Earth's surface, and because limestone is slightly soluble in rainwater, these exposures often are eroded to become karst landscapes. 　Most cave systems are found in limestone bedrock. 　Limestone has numerous uses: as a chemical feedstock for the production of lime used for cement (an essential component of concrete), as aggregate for the base of roads, as white pigment or filler in products such as toothpaste or paints, as a soil conditioner, and as a popular decorative addition to rock gardens. 　Limestone formations contain about 30% of the world's petroleum reservoirs.

Harmony

In music, harmony is the process by which individual sounds are joined together or composed into whole units or compositions. 　Often, the term harmony refers to simultaneously occurring frequencies, pitches (tones, notes), or chords. 　However, harmony is generally understood to involve both vertical harmony (chords) and horizontal harmony (melody). 　Harmony is a perceptual property of music, and, along with melody, one of the building blocks of Western music. 　Its perception is based on consonance, a concept whose definition has changed various times throughout Western music. 　In a physiological approach, consonance is a continuous variable. 　Consonant pitch relationships are described as sounding more pleasant, euphonious, and beautiful than dissonant relationships which sound unpleasant, discordant, or rough. 　The study of harmony involves chords and their construction and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them. 　Counterpoint, which refers to the relationship between melodic lines, and polyphony, which refers to the simultaneous sounding of separate independent voices, are therefore sometimes distinguished from harmony. 　In popular and jazz harmony, chords are named by their root plus various terms and characters indicating their qualities. 　In many types of music, notably baroque, romantic, modern, and jazz, chords are often augmented with "tensions". 　A tension is an additional chord member that creates a relatively dissonant interval in relation to the bass. 　Typically, in the classical common practice period a dissonant chord (chord with tension) "resolves" to a consonant chord. 　Harmonization usually sounds pleasant to the ear when there is a balance between consonance and dissonance. 　Simply put, this occurs when there is a balance between "tense" and "relaxed" moments. 　Dissonance is an important part of harmony when dissonance can be resolved and contribute to the composition of music as a whole. 　A misplayed note or any sound that is judged to detract from the whole composition can be described as disharmonious rather than dissonant.

Pistol

A pistol is a handgun, more specifically one with the chamber integral to its gun barrel, though in common usage the two terms are often used interchangeably. 　The English word was introduced in c. 　1570, when early handguns were produced in Europe, and is derived from the Middle French pistolet (c. 1550), meaning a small gun or knife. 　In colloquial usage, the word "pistol" is often used to describe any type of handgun, inclusive of revolvers (which have a single barrel and a separate cylinder housing multiple chambers) and the pocket-sized derringers (which are often multi-barrelled). 　The most common type of pistol used in the contemporary era is the semi-automatic pistol, while the older single-shot and manual repeating pistols are now rarely seen and used primarily for nostalgic hunting and historical reenactment, and the fully automatic machine pistols are uncommon in civilian usage due to generally poor recoil-controllability and strict laws and regulations governing their manufacture and sale.

Java

This article contains letters from the Javanese script. 　Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Javanese characters. 　You may need rendering support to display the Sundanese script in this article correctly. 　Java (/ˈdʒɑːvə, ˈdʒævə/; Indonesian: Jawa, pronounced [ˈdʒawa]; Javanese: ꧋ꦗꦮ, romanized: Jawa) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. 　It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. 　With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's most populous island, home to approximately 56% of the Indonesian population. 　Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta, is on Java's northwestern coast. 　Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. 　It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. 　Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. 　Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. 　Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java: Ujung Kulon National Park, Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, and Sangiran Early Man Site. 　Formed by volcanic eruptions due to geologic subduction of the Australian Plate under the Sunda Plate, Java is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest in Indonesia by landmass at about 138,800 square kilometres (53,600 sq mi). 　A chain of volcanic mountains is the east–west spine of the island. 　Four main languages are spoken on the island: Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, and Betawi. 　Javanese and Sundanese are the most spoken. 　The ethnic groups native to the island are the Javanese in the central and eastern parts and Sundanese in the western parts. 　The Madurese in the Eastern salient of Java are migrants from Madura Island, while the Betawi in the capital city of Jakarta are hybrids from various ethnic groups in Indonesia. 　Most residents are bilingual, speaking Indonesian (the official language of Indonesia) as their first or second language. 　While the majority of the people of Java are Muslim, Java's population comprises people of diverse religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures. 　Java is divided into four administrative provinces: Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java, and two special regions, Jakarta and Yogyakarta.

Screenplay

A screenplay, or script, is a written work by screenwriters for a film, television show, or video game (as opposed to a stage play). 　A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay. 　Screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. 　A screenplay is a form of narration in which the movements, actions, expressions and dialogue of the characters are described in a certain format. 　Visual or cinematographic cues may be given, as well as scene descriptions and scene changes.

Sony

Sony Group Corporation (ソニーグループ株式会社, Sonī Gurūpu kabushiki gaisha, /ˈsoʊni/ SOH-nee) (also known as Sony Corporation, commonly known as Sony, stylized as SONY and abbreviated as Sony Group Corp.) is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. 　As a major technology company, it operates as one of the world's largest manufacturers of consumer and professional electronic products, the largest video game console company and the largest video game publisher. 　Through Sony Entertainment Inc, it is one of the largest music companies (largest music publisher and second largest record label) and the third largest film studio, making it one of the most comprehensive media companies. 　It is the largest technology and media conglomerate in Japan. 　It is also recognized as the most cash-rich Japanese company, with net cash reserves of ¥2 trillion. 　Sony, with its 55 percent market share in the image sensor market, is the largest manufacturer of image sensors, the second largest camera manufacturer, and is among the semiconductor sales leaders. 　It is the world's largest player in the premium TV market for a television of at least 55 inches (140 centimeters) with a price higher than $2,500 as well as second largest TV brand by market share and, as of 2020, the third largest television manufacturer in the world by annual sales figures. 　Sony Group Corporation is the holding company of the Sony Group (ソニー・グループ, Sonī Gurūpu), which comprises Sony Corporation, Sony Semiconductor Solutions, Sony Entertainment (Sony Pictures, Sony Music), Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Financial Group, Sony Creative Products, and others. 　The company's slogan is We are Sony. 　Their former slogans were The One and Only (1979–1982), It's a Sony (1981–2005), like.no.other (2005–2009), make.believe (2009–2013), and Be Moved (2013–2021). 　Sony has a weak tie to the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) corporate group, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. 　Sony is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (in which it is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX Core30 indexes) with an additional listing in the form of American depositary receipts listed in the New York Stock Exchange (traded since 1970, making it the oldest Japanese company to be listed in an American exchange), and was ranked 88th on the 2021 Fortune Global 500 list.

Derivative

In mathematics, the derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input value). 　Derivatives are a fundamental tool of calculus. 　For example, the derivative of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the object's velocity: this measures how quickly the position of the object changes when time advances. 　The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. 　The tangent line is the best linear approximation of the function near that input value. 　For this reason, the derivative is often described as the "instantaneous rate of change", the ratio of the instantaneous change in the dependent variable to that of the independent variable. 　Derivatives can be generalized to functions of several real variables. 　In this generalization, the derivative is reinterpreted as a linear transformation whose graph is (after an appropriate translation) the best linear approximation to the graph of the original function. 　The Jacobian matrix is the matrix that represents this linear transformation with respect to the basis given by the choice of independent and dependent variables. 　It can be calculated in terms of the partial derivatives with respect to the independent variables. 　For a real-valued function of several variables, the Jacobian matrix reduces to the gradient vector. 　The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. 　The reverse process is called antidifferentiation. 　The fundamental theorem of calculus relates antidifferentiation with integration. 　Differentiation and integration constitute the two fundamental operations in single-variable calculus.

Ethics (Scientology)

According to the Church of Scientology, ethics may be defined as the actions an individual takes on himself to ensure his continued survival across the dynamics. 　It is a personal thing. 　When one is ethical, it is something he does himself by his own choice. 　According to founder L. Ron Hubbard's teachings, Scientology ethics is predicated on the idea that there are degrees of ethical conduct.