Cooperative

A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically-controlled enterprise". 　Cooperatives are democratically controlled by their members, with each member having one vote in electing the board of directors.　[citation needed] Cooperatives may include: businesses owned and managed by the people who consume their goods and/or services (a consumer cooperative) businesses where producers pool their output for their common benefit (a producer cooperative) organizations managed by the people who work there (a worker cooperative) businesses where members pool their purchasing power (a purchasing cooperative) multi-stakeholder or hybrid cooperatives that share ownership between different stakeholder groups. 　For example, care cooperatives where ownership is shared between both care-givers and receivers. 　Stakeholders might also include non-profits or investors. 　second- and third-tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives platform cooperatives that use a cooperatively owned and governed website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services. 　Research published by the Worldwatch Institute found that in 2012 approximately one billion people in 96 countries had become members of at least one cooperative. 　The turnover of the largest three hundred cooperatives in the world reached $2.2 trillion. 　Cooperative businesses are typically more productive and economically resilient than many other forms of enterprise, with twice the number of co-operatives (80%) surviving their first five years compared with other business ownership models (41%) according to data from United Kingdom. 　The largest worker owned cooperative in the world, the Mondragon Corporation (founded by Catholic priest José María Arizmendiarrieta), has been in continuous operation since 1956. 　Cooperatives frequently have social goals, which they aim to accomplish by investing a proportion of trading profits back into their communities. 　As an example of this, in 2013, retail co-operatives in the UK invested 6.9% of their pre-tax profits in the communities in which they trade as compared with 2.4% for other rival supermarkets. 　Since 2002, cooperatives have been distinguishable on the Internet through the use of a .　coop domain. 　In 2014, the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) introduced the Cooperative Marque, meaning ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions can also be identified through a coop ethical consumerism label.

Ico

Ico (イコ, Iko, /ˈiːkoʊ/) is an action-adventure game developed by Japan Studio and Team Ico, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment, released for the PlayStation 2 video game console in 2001 and 2002 in various regions. 　It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda, who wanted to create a minimalist game around a "boy meets girl" concept. 　Originally planned for the PlayStation, Ico took approximately four years to develop. 　The team employed a "subtracting design" approach to reduce elements of gameplay that interfered with the game's setting and story in order to create a high level of immersion. 　The protagonist is a young boy named Ico who was born with horns, which his village considers a bad omen. 　Warriors lock him away in an abandoned fortress. 　During his explorations of the fortress, Ico encounters Yorda, the daughter of the castle's Queen. 　The Queen plans to use Yorda's body to extend her own lifespan. 　Learning this, Ico seeks to escape the castle with Yorda, keeping her safe from the shadowy creatures that attempt to draw her back. 　Throughout the game, the player controls Ico as he explores the castle, solves puzzles and assists Yorda across obstacles. 　Ico introduced several design and technical elements, including a story told with minimal dialogue, bloom lighting, and key frame animation, that have influenced subsequent games. 　Although not a commercial success, it was critically acclaimed for its art, original gameplay and story elements and received several awards, including "Game of the Year" nominations and three Game Developers Choice Awards. 　Considered a cult classic, it has been called one of the greatest video games of all time, and is often brought up in discussions about video games as an art form. 　It has influenced numerous video games since its release. 　It was rereleased in Europe in 2006 in conjunction with Shadow of the Colossus, the spiritual successor to Ico. 　A high-definition remaster of the game was released alongside Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 3 in The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection in 2011.

Amanda

Amanda is a Latin feminine gerundive (i.e. verbal adjective) name meaning, literally, “she who must (or is fit to) be loved”. 　Other translations, with similar meaning, could be "deserving to be loved," "worthy of love," or "loved very much by everyone." 　Its diminutive form includes Mandy, Manda and Amy. 　It is common in countries where Germanic and Romance languages are spoken. 　"Amanda" comes from ama- (the stem of the Latin verb amare, "to love") plus the feminine nominative singular gerundive ending (-nda). 　Other names, especially female names, were derived from this verb form, such as “Miranda”. 　The name "Amanda" occasionally appears in Late Antiquity, such as the Amanda who was the 'wife of the ex-advocate and ex-provincial governor Aper (q.v.); she cared for his estates and raised their children after he adopted the monastic life: "curat illa saeculi curas, ne tu cures”' [Paul. Nol. Epist. 44.4]. In England the name "Amanda" first appears in 1212 on a birth record from Warwickshire, England, and five centuries later the name was popularized by poets and playwrights. In the United States, "Amanda" slowly became more prominent from the 1930s to the 1960s, ranking among the top 200 baby names. From 1976 to 1995, "Amanda" ranked in the ten most popular female baby names in the United States. The name was most popular from 1978 to 1992, when it ranked in the top four.[citation needed] At its prime, in 1980, it was the second most popular. In 2009, "Amanda" ranked number 166. 　It was ranked among the top ten names given to girls born in Puerto Rico in 2009. 　The name has also recently been popular in Sweden, where it ranked twentieth for girls born in 2009, down five places from the year 2008. 　It is also popular in Swedish-speaking families in Finland, where it ranked among the top ten names for girls born to this demographic group.　[citation needed]

Barn

A barn is an agricultural building usually on farms and used for various purposes. 　In North America, a barn refers to structures that house livestock, including cattle and horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often grain. 　As a result, the term barn is often qualified e.g. tobacco barn, dairy barn, cow house, sheep barn, potato barn. 　In the British Isles, the term barn is restricted mainly to storage structures for unthreshed cereals and fodder, the terms byre or shippon being applied to cow shelters, whereas horses are kept in buildings known as stables. 　In mainland Europe, however, barns were often part of integrated structures known as byre-dwellings (or housebarns in US literature). 　In addition, barns may be used for equipment storage, as a covered workplace, and for activities such as threshing.

Coefficient

In mathematics, a coefficient is a multiplicative factor in some term of a polynomial, a series, or an expression; it is usually a number, but may be any expression (including variables such as a, b and c).　[better source needed] When the coefficients are themselves variables, they may also be called parameters. 　For example, the polynomial 2 x 2 − x + 3 {\displaystyle 2x^{2}-x+3} has coefficients 2, −1, and 3, and the powers of the variable x {\displaystyle x} in the polynomial a x 2 + b x + c {\displaystyle ax^{2}+bx+c} have coefficient parameters a {\displaystyle a} , b {\displaystyle b} , and c {\displaystyle c} . 　The constant coefficient (or constant term) is the coefficient not attached to variables in an expression. 　For example, the constant coefficients of the expressions above are the number 3 and the parameter c, respectively. 　The coefficient attached to the highest degree of the variable in a polynomial is referred to as the leading coefficient. 　For example, in the expressions above, the leading coefficients are 2 and a, respectively. 　In the context of differential equations, an equation can often be written as equating to zero a polynomial in the unknown functions and their derivatives. 　In this case, the coefficients of the differential equation are the coefficients of this polynomial, and are generally non-constant functions. 　A coefficient is a constant coefficient when it is a constant function. 　For avoiding confusion, the coefficient that is not attached to unknown functions and their derivative is generally called the constant term rather the constant coefficient. 　In particular, in a linear differential equation with constant coefficient, the constant term is generally not supposed to be a constant function.

Epsilon

Epsilon (/ˈɛpsɪlɒn/, UK also /ɛpˈsaɪlən/; uppercase Ε, lowercase ε or lunate ϵ; Greek: έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid front unrounded vowel IPA: [e̞] or IPA: [ɛ̝]. 　In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. 　It was derived from the Phoenician letter He . 　Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э. 　The name of the letter was originally εἶ (Ancient Greek: [êː]), but it was later changed to ἒ ψιλόν (e psilon 'simple e') in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph αι, a former diphthong that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon. 　The uppercase form of epsilon is identical to Latin E but has its own code point in Unicode: U+0395 Ε GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON. 　The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from medieval Greek handwriting. 　One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like a reversed number "3" and is encoded U+03B5 ε GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON. 　The other, also known as lunate or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing, looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar: it is encoded U+03F5 ϵ GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL. 　While in normal typography these are just alternative font variants, they may have different meanings as mathematical symbols: computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for them. 　In TeX, \epsilon ( ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon \!　} ) denotes the lunate form, while \varepsilon ( ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon \!　} ) denotes the reversed-3 form. 　There is also a 'Latin epsilon', ɛ or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. 　It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ɛ LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E and U+0190 Ɛ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E and is used as an IPA phonetic symbol. 　The lunate or uncial epsilon provided inspiration for the euro sign, €. 　The lunate epsilon, ϵ, is not to be confused with the set membership symbol ∈; nor should the Latin uppercase epsilon, Ɛ, be confused with the Greek uppercase Σ (sigma). 　The symbol ∈ {\displaystyle \in } , first used in set theory and logic by Giuseppe Peano and now used in mathematics in general for set membership ("belongs to") evolved from the letter epsilon, since the symbol was originally used as an abbreviation for the Latin word est. 　In addition, mathematicians often read the symbol ∈ as "element of", as in "1 is an element of the natural numbers" for 1 ∈ N {\displaystyle 1\in \mathbb {N} } , for example. 　As late as 1960, ε itself was used for set membership, while its negation "does not belong to" (now ∉) was denoted by ε' (epsilon prime). 　Only gradually did a fully separate, stylized symbol take the place of epsilon in this role. 　In a related context, Peano also introduced the use of a backwards epsilon, ϶, for the phrase "such that", although the abbreviation s.t. is occasionally used in place of ϶ in informal cardinals.

Membrane

A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. 　Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles. 　Membranes can be generally classified into synthetic membranes and biological membranes. 　Biological membranes include cell membranes (outer coverings of cells or organelles that allow passage of certain constituents); nuclear membranes, which cover a cell nucleus; and tissue membranes, such as mucosae and serosae. 　Synthetic membranes are made by humans for use in laboratories and industry (such as chemical plants). 　This concept of a membrane has been known since the eighteenth century but was used little outside of the laboratory until the end of World War II. 　Drinking water supplies in Europe had been compromised by the war and membrane filters were used to test for water safety. 　However, due to the lack of reliability, slow operation, reduced selectivity and elevated costs, membranes were not widely exploited. 　The first use of membranes on a large scale was with microfiltration and ultrafiltration technologies. 　Since the 1980s, these separation processes, along with electrodialysis, are employed in large plants and, today, several experienced companies serve the market. 　The degree of selectivity of a membrane depends on the membrane pore size. 　Depending on the pore size, they can be classified as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. 　Membranes can also be of various thickness, with homogeneous or heterogeneous structure. 　Membranes can be neutral or charged, and particle transport can be active or passive. 　The latter can be facilitated by pressure, concentration, chemical or electrical gradients of the membrane process.

Blew

"Blew" is a song by American rock band Nirvana, written by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain. 　It is the first song on the band's debut album Bleach, released in June 1989 by Sub Pop. 　The song was re-released by the Tupelo record label as the title track of a four-song Nirvana EP in the United Kingdom in November 1989, where it charted at number 15 on the UK Indie Singles chart.

Liu

劉 / 刘 (/ljoʊ/ or /ljuː/) is an East Asian surname. 　pinyin: Liú in Mandarin Chinese, Lau4 in Cantonese. 　It is the family name of the Han dynasty emperors. 　The character 劉 originally meant 'kill', but is now used only as a surname. 　It is listed 252nd in the classic text Hundred Family Surnames. 　Today, it is the 4th most common surname in Mainland China as well as one of the most common surnames in the world.

Referendum

A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. 　This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. 　This may result in the adoption of a new policy or specific law, or the referendum may be only advisory. 　In some countries, it is synonymous with and also known as plebiscite, votation, popular consultation, ballot question, ballot measure, or proposition. 　Some definitions of 'plebiscite' suggest it is a type of vote to change the constitution or government of a country. 　The word, 'referendum' is often a catchall, used for both legislative referrals and initiatives.

Gesture

A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication or non-vocal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, speech. 　Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or other parts of the body. 　Gestures differ from physical non-verbal communication that does not communicate specific messages, such as purely expressive displays, proxemics, or displays of joint attention. 　Gestures allow individuals to communicate a variety of feelings and thoughts, from contempt and hostility to approval and affection, often together with body language in addition to words when they speak. 　Gesticulation and speech work independently of each other, but join to provide emphasis and meaning. 　Gesture processing takes place in areas of the brain such as Broca's and Wernicke's areas, which are used by speech and sign language. 　In fact, language is thought by some scholars to have evolved in Homo sapiens from an earlier system consisting of manual gestures. 　The theory that language evolved from manual gestures, termed Gestural Theory, dates back to the work of 18th-century philosopher and priest Abbé de Condillac, and has been revived by contemporary anthropologist Gordon W. Hewes, in 1973, as part of a discussion on the origin of language.

Habit

A habit (or wont as a humorous and formal term) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously. 　The American Journal of Psychology (1903) defined a "habit, from the standpoint of psychology, [as] a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience." 　Habitual behavior often goes unnoticed in persons exhibiting it, because a person does not need to engage in self-analysis when undertaking routine tasks. 　Habits are sometimes compulsory. 　A 2002 daily experience study by habit researcher Wendy Wood and her colleagues found that approximately 43% of daily behaviors are performed out of habit. 　New behaviours can become automatic through the process of habit formation. 　Old habits are hard to break and new habits are hard to form because the behavioural patterns which humans repeat become imprinted in neural pathways, but it is possible to form new habits through repetition. 　When behaviors are repeated in a consistent context, there is an incremental increase in the link between the context and the action. 　This increases the automaticity of the behavior in that context. 　Features of an automatic behavior are all or some of: efficiency; lack of awareness; unintentionality; and uncontrollability.

Habit (biology)

Habit, equivalent to habitus in some applications in biology, refers variously to aspects of behaviour or structure, as follows: In zoology (particularly in ethology), habit usually refers to aspects of more or less predictable behaviour, instinctive or otherwise, though it also has broader application. 　Habitus refers to the characteristic form or morphology of a species. 　In botany, habit is the characteristic form in which a given species of plant grows (see plant habit).

Suggestion

Suggestion is the psychological process by which a person guides their own or another person's desired thoughts, feelings, and behaviors by presenting stimuli that may elicit them as reflexes instead of relying on conscious effort. 　Nineteenth-century writers on psychology such as William James used the words "suggest" and "suggestion" in the context of a particular idea which was said to suggest another when it brought that other idea to mind. 　Early scientific studies of hypnosis by Clark Leonard Hull and others extended the meaning of these words in a special and technical sense (Hull, 1933). 　The original neuropsychological theory of hypnotic suggestion was based upon the ideomotor reflex response that William B. Carpenter declared, in 1852, was the principle through which James Braid's hypnotic phenomena were produced.

Dock

A dock (from Dutch dok) is the area of water between or next to one or a group of human-made structures that are involved in the handling of boats or ships (usually on or near a shore) or such structures themselves. 　The exact meaning varies among different variants of the English language. 　"Dock" may also refer to a dockyard (also known as a shipyard) where the loading, unloading, building, or repairing of ships occurs.

Fairy

A fairy (also fay, fae, fey, fair folk, or faerie) is a type of mythical being or legendary creature found in the folklore of multiple European cultures (including Celtic, Slavic, Germanic, English, and French folklore), a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural. 　Myths and stories about fairies do not have a single origin, but are rather a collection of folk beliefs from disparate sources. 　Various folk theories about the origins of fairies include casting them as either demoted angels or demons in a Christian tradition, as deities in Pagan belief systems, as spirits of the dead, as prehistoric precursors to humans, or as spirits of nature. 　The label of fairy has at times applied only to specific magical creatures with human appearance, magical powers, and a penchant for trickery. 　At other times it has been used to describe any magical creature, such as goblins and gnomes. 　Fairy has at times been used as an adjective, with a meaning equivalent to "enchanted" or "magical". 　It is also used as a name for the place these beings come from, the land of Fairy. 　A recurring motif of legends about fairies is the need to ward off fairies using protective charms. 　Common examples of such charms include church bells, wearing clothing inside out, four-leaf clover, and food. 　Fairies were also sometimes thought to haunt specific locations, and to lead travelers astray using will-o'-the-wisps. 　Before the advent of modern medicine, fairies were often blamed for sickness, particularly tuberculosis and birth deformities. 　In addition to their folkloric origins, fairies were a common feature of Renaissance literature and Romantic art, and were especially popular in the United Kingdom during the Victorian and Edwardian eras. 　The Celtic Revival also saw fairies established as a canonical part of Celtic cultural heritage.

Projected

Projected is an American rock supergroup consisting of Sevendust members John Connolly and Vinnie Hornsby, Alter Bridge and Creed drummer Scott Phillips, and former Submersed and current Tremonti guitarist Eric Friedman. 　The band released their album, Human, in June 2012, before falling into inactivity as members returned to their respective bands in late 2012. 　The band released their second studio album, the double album, Ignite My Insanity, in July 2017. 　They reconvened in early 2020 and finished recording their third album in July 2020.

Terrain

Terrain or relief (also topographical relief) involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of land surface. 　The term bathymetry is used to describe underwater relief, while hypsometry studies terrain relative to sea level. 　The Latin word terra (the root of terrain) means "earth." 　In physical geography, terrain is the lay of the land. 　This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. 　Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. 　Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns.

Isle

Look up isle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　An isle is an island, land surrounded by water. 　The term is very common in British English. 　However, there is no clear agreement on what makes an island an isle or its difference, so they are considered synonyms. 　Isle may refer to:

Smoking

Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is typically breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. 　Most commonly, the substance used is the dried leaves of the tobacco plant, which have been rolled into a small rectangle of rolling paper to create a small, round cylinder called a cigarette. 　Smoking is primarily practised as a route of administration for recreational drug use because the combustion of the dried plant leaves vaporizes and delivers active substances into the lungs where they are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and reach bodily tissue. 　In the case of cigarette smoking, these substances are contained in a mixture of aerosol particles and gases and include the pharmacologically active alkaloid nicotine; the vaporization creates heated aerosol and gas into a form that allows inhalation and deep penetration into the lungs where absorption into the bloodstream of the active substances occurs. 　In some cultures, smoking is also carried out as a part of various rituals, where participants use it to help induce trance-like states that, they believe, can lead them to spiritual enlightenment. 　Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. 　Tobacco smoking is the most popular form, being practised by over one billion people globally, of whom the majority are in the developing countries. 　Less common drugs for smoking include cannabis and opium. 　Some of the substances are classified as hard narcotics, like heroin, but the use of these is very limited as they are usually not commercially available. 　Cigarettes are primarily industrially manufactured but also can be hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper. 　Other smoking implements include pipes, cigars, bidis, hookahs, and bongs. 　Smoking has negative health effects, because smoke inhalation inherently poses challenges to various physiologic processes such as respiration. 　Smoking tobacco is among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attack, COPD, erectile dysfunction, and birth defects. 　Diseases related to tobacco smoking have been shown to kill approximately half of long-term smokers when compared to average mortality rates faced by non-smokers. 　Smoking caused over five million deaths a year from 1990 to 2015. 　Non-smokers account for 600,000 deaths globally due to second-hand smoke. 　The health hazards of smoking have caused many countries to institute high taxes on tobacco products, publish advertisements to discourage use, limit advertisements that promote use, and provide help with quitting for those who do smoke. 　Smoking can be dated to as early as 5000 BCE, and has been recorded in many different cultures across the world. 　Early smoking evolved in association with religious ceremonies; as offerings to deities; in cleansing rituals; or to allow shamans and priests to alter their minds for purposes of divination or spiritual enlightenment. 　After the European exploration and conquest of the Americas, the practice of smoking tobacco quickly spread to the rest of the world. 　In regions like India and Sub-Saharan Africa, it merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). 　In Europe, it introduced a new type of social activity and a form of drug intake which previously had been unknown. 　Perception surrounding smoking has varied over time and from one place to another: holy and sinful, sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and deadly health hazard. 　In the last decade of the 20th century, smoking came to be viewed in a decidedly negative light, especially in Western countries.

Angles

The Angles (Old English: Ængle, Engle; Latin: Angli) were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period. 　They founded several kingdoms of the Heptarchy in Anglo-Saxon England. 　Their name is the root of the name England ("land of Ængle"). 　According to Tacitus, writing around 100 AD, a people known as Angles (Anglii) lived east of the Lombards and Semnones, who lived near the Elbe river.

Unlikely

Unlikely is the second album by Brazilian stoner rock band Far from Alaska, released on 4 August 2017. 　It was recorded in the United States, produced by Sylvia Massy and financed via a crowdfunding campaign. 　It is their last album with bassist Edu Filgueira, who left the band in January 2018. 　The band sees the album as a more unpretentious and free work than its predecessor, modeHuman, and believes it to be more representative of what they really are. 　They wanted to create songs that were easier to sing along in shows and that could be easily played with an acoustic guitar in a circle of friends, for example. 　In studio, the members, encouraged by Masy, experimented with a couple of different things, like playing synths with the cables going through electricity-conducting food. 　Like modeHuman, Unlikely was well received by the critics.

Quest

A quest is a journey toward a specific mission or a goal. 　The word serves as a plot device in mythology and fiction: a difficult journey towards a goal, often symbolic or allegorical. 　Tales of quests figure prominently in the folklore of every nation and ethnic culture. 　In literature, the object of a quest requires great exertion on the part of the hero, who must overcome many obstacles, typically including much travel. 　The aspect of travel allows the storyteller to showcase exotic locations and cultures (an objective of the narrative, not of the character). 　The object of a quest may also have supernatural properties, often leading the protagonist into other worlds and dimensions. 　The moral of a quest tale often centers on the changed character of the hero.

Wilderness

Wilderness or wildlands (usually in the plural) are natural environments on Earth that have not been significantly modified by human activity or any nonurbanized land not under extensive agricultural cultivation. 　The term has traditionally referred to terrestrial environments, though growing attention is being placed on marine wilderness. 　Recent maps of wilderness suggest it covers roughly one quarter of Earth's terrestrial surface, but is being rapidly degraded by human activity. 　Even less wilderness remains in the ocean, with only 13.2% free from intense human activity. 　Some governments establish protection for wilderness areas by law to not only preserve what already exists, but also to promote and advance a natural expression and development. 　These can be set up in preserves, conservation preserves, national forests, national parks and even in urban areas along rivers, gulches or otherwise undeveloped areas. 　Often these areas are considered important for the survival of certain species, biodiversity, ecological studies, conservation, solitude and recreation. 　They may also preserve historic genetic traits and provide habitat for wild flora and fauna that may be difficult to recreate in zoos, arboretums or laboratories.