Consciousness

Consciousness, at its simplest, is sentience and awareness of internal and external existence. 　However, the lack of definitions has led to millennia of analyses, explanations and debates by philosophers, theologians, linguists, and scientists. 　Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even considered consciousness. 　In some explanations, it is synonymous with the mind, and at other times, an aspect of mind. 　In the past, it was one's "inner life", the world of introspection, of private thought, imagination and volition. 　Today, it often includes any kind of cognition, experience, feeling or perception. 　It may be awareness, awareness of awareness, or self-awareness either continuously changing or not. 　The disparate range of research, notions and speculations raises a curiosity about whether the right questions are being asked. 　Examples of the range of descriptions, definitions or explanations are: simple wakefulness, one's sense of selfhood or soul explored by "looking within"; being a metaphorical "stream" of contents, or being a mental state, mental event or mental process of the brain.

Aaron

According to Abrahamic religions, Aaron (/ˈærən/ or /ˈɛərən/) was a prophet, a high priest, and the elder brother of Moses. 　Knowledge of Aaron, along with his brother Moses, exclusively comes from religious texts, such as the Hebrew Bible and the Quran. 　The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). 　When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the enslavement of the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother's spokesman ("prophet") to the Pharaoh (Exodus 7:1). 　Part of the Law given to Moses at Sinai granted Aaron the priesthood for himself and his male descendants, and he became the first High Priest of the Israelites. 　Aaron died before the Israelites crossed the Jordan river. 　According to the Book of Numbers, he died and was buried on Mount Hor, Deuteronomy however places these events at Moserah. 　Aaron is also mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible (Luke, Acts, and Hebrews).

Consent

Consent occurs when one person voluntarily agrees to the proposal or desires of another. 　It is a term of common speech, with specific definitions as used in such fields as the law, medicine, research, and sexual relationships. 　Consent as understood in specific contexts may differ from its everyday meaning. 　For example, a person with a mental disorder, a low mental age, or under the legal age of sexual consent may willingly engage in a sexual act that still fails to meet the legal threshold for consent as defined by applicable law. 　United Nations agencies and initiatives in sex education programs believe that teaching the topic of consent as part of a comprehensive sexuality education is beneficial. 　Types of consent include implied consent, express consent, informed consent and unanimous consent.

Drum

The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. 　In the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system, it is a membranophone. 　Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a shell and struck, either directly with the player's hands, or with a percussion mallet, to produce sound. 　There is usually a resonant head on the underside of the drum. 　Other techniques have been used to cause drums to make sound, such as the thumb roll. 　Drums are the world's oldest and most ubiquitous musical instruments, and the basic design has remained virtually unchanged for thousands of years. 　Drums may be played individually, with the player using a single drum, and some drums such as the djembe are almost always played in this way. 　Others are normally played in a set of two or more, all played by the one player, such as bongo drums and timpani. 　A number of different drums together with cymbals form the basic modern drum kit.

Midnight

Midnight is the transition time from one day to the next – the moment when the date changes, on the local official clock time for any particular jurisdiction. 　By clock time, midnight is the opposite of noon, differing from it by 12 hours. 　Solar midnight is the time opposite to solar noon, when the Sun is closest to the nadir, and the night is equidistant from dusk and dawn. 　Due to the advent of time zones, which regularize time across a range of meridians, and daylight saving time, solar midnight rarely coincides with 12 midnight on the clock. 　Solar midnight depends on longitude and time of the year rather than on time zone. 　In ancient Roman timekeeping, midnight was halfway between sunset and sunrise (i.e., solar midnight), varying according to the seasons. 　In some Slavic languages, "midnight" has an additional geographic association with "north" (as "noon" does with "south"). 　Modern Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Serbian languages preserve this association with their words for "midnight" or "half-night" (północ, поўнач, північ, пoнoħ) also meaning "north."

Grain

A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. 　A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. 　The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes. 　After being harvested, dry grains are more durable than other staple foods, such as starchy fruits (plantains, breadfruit, etc.) and tubers (sweet potatoes, cassava, and more). 　This durability has made grains well suited to industrial agriculture, since they can be mechanically harvested, transported by rail or ship, stored for long periods in silos, and milled for flour or pressed for oil. 　Thus, the grain market is a major global commodity market that includes crops such as maize, rice, soybeans, wheat and other grains.

Wisdom

Wisdom, sapience, or sagacity is the ability to contemplate and act productively using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight. 　Wisdom is associated with attributes such as unbiased judgment, compassion, experiential self-knowledge, self-transcendence and non-attachment, and virtues such as ethics and benevolence. 　Wisdom has been defined in many different ways, including several distinct approaches to assess the characteristics attributed to wisdom.

Pearl

A pearl is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as fossil conulariids. 　Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite) in minute crystalline form, which has deposited in concentric layers. 　The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but many other shapes, known as baroque pearls, can occur. 　The finest quality of natural pearls have been highly valued as gemstones and objects of beauty for many centuries. 　Because of this, pearl has become a metaphor for something rare, fine, admirable and valuable. 　The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild, but are extremely rare. 　These wild pearls are referred to as natural pearls. 　Cultured or farmed pearls from pearl oysters and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold. 　Imitation pearls are also widely sold in inexpensive jewelry. 　Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in jewelry, but in the past were also used to adorn clothing. 　They have also been crushed and used in cosmetics, medicines and paint formulations. 　Whether wild or cultured, gem-quality pearls are almost always nacreous and iridescent, like the interior of the shell that produces them. 　However, almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls (technically "calcareous concretions") of lesser shine or less spherical shape. 　Although these may also be legitimately referred to as "pearls" by gemological labs and also under U.S. Federal Trade Commission rules, and are formed in the same way, most of them have no value except as curiosities.

Monday

Monday is the day of the week between Sunday and Tuesday. 　According to the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 8601 standard, it is the first day of the week and in countries that adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the second day of the week. 　The name of Monday is derived from Old English Mōnandæg and Middle English Monenday, originally a translation of Latin dies lunae "day of the Moon".

Blame

Blame is the act of censuring, holding responsible, or making negative statements about an individual or group that their actions or inaction are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of praise. 　When someone is morally responsible for doing something wrong, their action is blameworthy. 　By contrast, when someone is morally responsible for doing something right, it may be said that his or her action is praiseworthy. 　There are other senses of praise and blame that are not ethically relevant. 　One may praise someone's good dress sense, and blame their own sense of style for their own dress sense.

Slavery

Slavery and enslavement are the experience of being a slave, who is someone forbidden to quit serving an enslaver, and is treated by the enslaver as property. 　Slavery typically involves some form of work, while the worker’s location or residence is dictated by the enslaver. 　Many historical cases of enslavement occurred as a result of breaking the law, becoming indebted, or suffering a military defeat; other forms of slavery were instituted along demographic lines such as race. 　Slaves may be kept in bondage for life, or for a fixed period of time after which they would be granted freedom. 　Although slavery is usually involuntary and involves coercion, there are also cases where people voluntarily enter into slavery to pay a debt or earn money due to poverty. 　In the course of human history, slavery was a typical feature of civilization, and was legal in most societies, but it is now outlawed in most countries of the world, except as a punishment for a crime. 　In chattel slavery, the slave is legally rendered the personal property (chattel) of the slave owner. 　In economics, the term de facto slavery describes the conditions of unfree labour and forced labour that most slaves endure. 　In 2019, approximately 40 million people, of whom 26 percent were children, were enslaved throughout the world despite it being illegal. 　In the modern world, more than 50 percent of slaves provide forced labour, usually in the factories and sweatshops of the private sector of a country's economy. 　In industrialised countries, human trafficking is a modern variety of slavery; in non-industrialised countries, enslavement by debt bondage is a common form of enslaving a person, such as captive domestic servants, forced marriage, and child soldiers.

Sake

Sake, also spelled saké (sake (酒, Sake) /ˈsɑːki, ˈsækeɪ/ SAH-kee, SAK-ay; also referred to as Japanese rice wine), is an alcoholic beverage of Japanese origin made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran. 　Despite the name Japanese rice wine, sake, and indeed any East Asian rice wine (such as huangjiu and cheongju), is produced by a brewing process more akin to that of beer, where starch is converted into sugars which ferment into alcohol, whereas in wine, alcohol is produced by fermenting sugar that is naturally present in fruit, typically grapes. 　The brewing process for sake differs from the process for beer, where the conversion from starch to sugar and then from sugar to alcohol occurs in two distinct steps. 　Like other rice wines, when sake is brewed, these conversions occur simultaneously. 　The alcohol content differs between sake, wine, and beer; while most beer contains 3–9% ABV, wine generally contains 9–16% ABV, and undiluted sake contains 18–20% ABV (although this is often lowered to about 15% by diluting with water before bottling). 　In Japanese, the character sake (kanji: 酒, Japanese pronunciation: [sake]) can refer to any alcoholic drink, while the beverage called sake in English is usually termed nihonshu (日本酒; meaning 'Japanese alcoholic drink'). 　Under Japanese liquor laws, sake is labeled with the word seishu (清酒; 'refined alcohol'), a synonym not commonly used in conversation. 　In Japan, where it is the national beverage, sake is often served with special ceremony, where it is gently warmed in a small earthenware or porcelain bottle and sipped from a small porcelain cup called a sakazuki. 　As with wine, the recommended serving temperature of sake varies greatly by type. 　Sake now enjoys an international reputation. 　Of the more than 800 junmai ginjō-shu evaluated by Robert Parker's team, 78 received a score of 90 or more (eRobertParker，2016).

Northwestern

Look up northwestern in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Northwestern or North-western or North western may refer to: Northwest, a direction Northwestern University, a private research university in Evanston, Illinois The Northwestern Wildcats, this school's intercollegiate athletic program Northwestern Medicine, an academic medical system comprising: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern Memorial Hospital.

Abraham

Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. 　In Judaism, he is the founding father of the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish; and in Islam, he is a link in the chain of Islamic prophets that begins with Adam (see Adam in Islam) and culminates in Muhammad. 　The story of the life of Abraham as told in the narrative of the Book of Genesis, revolves around the themes of posterity and land. 　He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father Terah and settle in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. 　This promise is subsequently inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son by his wife Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Ishmael is also promised that he will be the founder of a great nation. 　Abraham purchases a tomb (the Cave of the Patriarchs) at Hebron to be Sarah's grave, thus establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, his heir Isaac is married to a woman from his own kin, thus ruling the Canaanites out of any inheritance. 　Abraham later marries Keturah and has six more sons; but, on his death, when he is buried beside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons receive only "gifts". 　Most historians view the patriarchal age, along with the Exodus and the period of the biblical judges, as a late literary construct that does not relate to any particular historical era; and after a century of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no evidence has been found for a historical Abraham. 　It is largely concluded that the Torah was composed during the early Persian period (late-6th century BCE) as a result of tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah during the Babylonian captivity and traced their right to the land through their "father Abraham", and the returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus tradition of the Israelites.

Skill

A skill is the learned ability to act with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. 　Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. 　For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management, teamwork and leadership, self-motivation and others, whereas domain-specific skills would be used only for a certain job. 　Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used. 　A skill may be called an art when it represents a body of knowledge or branch of learning, as in the art of medicine or the art of war. 　Although the arts are also skills, there are many skills that form an art but have no connection to the fine arts. 　People need a broad range of skills to contribute to the modern economy. 　A joint ASTD and U.S. Department of Labor study showed that through technology, the workplace is changing, and identified 16 basic skills that employees must have to be able to change with it. 　Three broad categories of skills are suggested and these are technical, human, and conceptual. 　The first two can be substituted with hard and soft skills, respectively.

Cuba

Coordinates: 22°00′N 80°00′W / 22.000°N 80.000°W / 22.000; -80.000 Cuba (/ˈkjuːbə/ (listen) KEW-bə, Spanish: [ˈkuβa] (listen)), officially the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: República de Cuba [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] (listen)), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. 　Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. 　Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola (Haiti/Dominican Republic), and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. 　Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. 　The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi) (without the territorial waters) but a total of 350,730 km2 (135,420 sq mi) including the exclusive economic zone. 　Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants. 　The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney people from the 4th millennium BC with the Guanahatabey and Taíno peoples until Spanish colonization in the 15th century. 　From the 15th century, it was a colony of Spain, and slavery was abolished in 1886, remaining a Spanish colony until the Spanish–American War of 1898, when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained independence in 1902. 　In 1940, Cuba implemented a new constitution, but mounting political unrest culminated in a coup in 1952 and the subsequent dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, which was later overthrown in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement during the Cuban Revolution, which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro. 　The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. 　Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba faced a severe economic downturn in the 1990s, known as the Special Period. 　In 2008, Fidel Castro resigned after 49 years of leadership of Cuba and was replaced by his brother Raúl Castro. 　Cuba is one of a few extant Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist states, in which the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. 　Cuba has an authoritarian regime where political opposition is not permitted. 　Censorship of information (including limits to Internet access) is extensive, and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba; Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom. 　Culturally, Cuba is considered part of Latin America. 　It is a multiethnic country whose people, culture and customs derive from diverse origins, including the Taíno Ciboney peoples, the long period of Spanish colonialism, the introduction of enslaved Africans and a close relationship with the Soviet Union in the Cold War. 　Cuba is a founding member of the United Nations, G77, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, ALBA, and Organization of American States. 　It has currently one of the world's few planned economies, and its economy is dominated by the tourism industry and the exports of skilled labor, sugar, tobacco, and coffee. 　Cuba has historically—both before and during communist rule—performed better than other countries in the region on several socioeconomic indicators, such as literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy.

Butler

A butler is a person who works in a house serving and is a domestic worker in a large household. 　In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. 　Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor, and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance. 　A butler is usually male, and in charge of male servants, while a housekeeper is usually a woman, and in charge of female servants. 　Traditionally, male servants (such as footmen) were better paid and of higher status than female servants. 　The butler, as the senior male servant, has the highest servant status. 　He can also sometimes function as a chauffeur. 　In older houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as majordomo, butler administrator, house manager, manservant, staff manager, chief of staff, staff captain, estate manager, and head of household staff are sometimes given. 　The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given, but perhaps, more importantly in line with the requirements of the individual employer. 　In the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an estate manager of higher rank than the butler. 　The butler can also be assisted by a head footman or footboy called the under-butler.

Printing

Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. 　The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. 　The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing, which appeared in China before 220 AD for cloth printing. 　However, it would not be applied to paper until the seventh century. 　Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. 　The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.

Perry

Perry, also known as pear cider, is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented pears, traditionally the perry pear. 　It has been common for centuries in England, particularly in Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire. 　It is also made in parts of South Wales and France, especially Normandy and Anjou, and in Commonwealth countries such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.　[citation needed]

Anglo

Anglo is a prefix indicating a relation to, or descent from, the Angles, England, English culture, the English people or the English language, such as in the term Anglosphere. 　It is often used alone, somewhat loosely, to refer to people of British descent in Anglo-America, the Anglophone Caribbean, South Africa, Namibia, Australia, and New Zealand. 　It is used in Canada to differentiate between the French speakers (Francophone) of mainly Quebec and some parts of New Brunswick, and the English speakers (Anglophone) in the rest of Canada. 　It is also used in the United States to distinguish the Latino population from the non-Latino white majority. 　Anglo is a Late Latin prefix used to denote English- in conjunction with another toponym or demonym. 　The word is derived from Anglia, the Latin name for England and still used in the modern name for its eastern region, East Anglia. 　Anglia and England both mean land of the Angles, a Germanic people originating in the north German peninsula of Angeln, that is, the region of today's Lower Saxony that joins the Jutland Peninsula. 　(There are various hypotheses for the origin of the name 'Angeln'.) 　It is also often used to refer to British in historical and other contexts after the Acts of Union 1707, for example such as in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, where in later years agreement was between the British government and the Dutch, not an English government. 　Typical examples of this use are also shown below, where non-English people from the British Isles are described as being Anglo. 　Anglo is not an easily defined term. 　For traditionalists, there are linguistic problems with using the word as an adjective or noun on its own. 　For example, the purpose of the -o ending is to enable the formation of a compound term (for example Anglo-Saxon meaning of Angle and Saxon origin), so there is only an apparent parallelism between, for example, Latino and Anglo. 　However, a semantic change has taken place in many English-speaking regions so that in informal usage the meanings listed below are common. 　The definition is changed in each region which defines how it is identified.

Muslims

Muslims (Arabic: المسلمون, al-Muslimūn, transl. "Submitters [to God]") are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. 　They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham (or Allah) as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet. 　The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad (sunnah) as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith). 　With an estimated population of almost 1.9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation, Muslims comprise more than 24.9% of the world's total population. 　In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at: 45% of Africa, 25% of Asia and Oceania (collectively), 6% of Europe, and 1% of the Americas. 　Additionally, in subdivided geographical regions, the figure stands at: 91% of the Middle East–North Africa, 90% of Central Asia, 65% of the Caucasus, 42% of Southeast Asia, 32% of South Asia, and 42% of sub-Saharan Africa. 　While there are several Islamic schools and branches, the two largest denominations are Sunni Islam (75–90% of all Muslims) and Shia Islam (10–20% of all Muslims). 　By sheer numbers, South Asia accounts for the largest portion (31%) of the global Muslim population, primarily across three countries: Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. 　By country, Indonesia is the largest in the Muslim world, holding around 12% of all Muslims worldwide; outside of the Muslim-majority countries, India and China are home to the largest (11%) and second-largest (2%) Muslim populations, respectively. 　Due to high Muslim population growth, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world.

Horn

Look up horn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Horn most often refers to: Horn (acoustic), a conical or bell shaped aperture used to guide sound Horn (instrument), collective name for tube-shaped wind musical instruments Horn (anatomy), a pointed, bony projection on the head of various animals, either the "true" horn, or other horn-like growths Horn, a colloquial reference to keratin, the substance that is the main component of the tissue that sheaths the bony core of horns and hoofs of various animals Horn may also refer to:

Mercy

Mercy (Middle English, from Anglo-French merci, from Medieval Latin merced-, merces, from Latin, "price paid, wages", from merc-, merxi "merchandise") is benevolence, forgiveness, and kindness in a variety of ethical, religious, social, and legal contexts. 　In the social and legal context, mercy may refer both to compassionate behavior on the part of those in power (e.g. mercy shown by a judge toward a convict), or on the part of a humanitarian third party, e.g., a mission of mercy aiming to treat war victims.

Algebraic

Look up algebraic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Algebraic may refer to any subject related to algebra in mathematics and related branches like algebraic number theory and algebraic topology. 　The word algebra itself has several meanings. 　Algebraic may also refer to: Algebraic data type, a datatype in computer programming each of whose values is data from other datatypes wrapped in one of the constructors of the datatype Algebraic numbers, a complex number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with integer coefficients Algebraic functions, functions satisfying certain polynomials Algebraic element, an element of a field extension which is a root of some polynomial over the base field Algebraic extension, a field extension such that every element is an algebraic element over the base field Algebraic definition, a definition in mathematical logic which is given using only equalities between terms Algebraic structure, a set with one or more finitary operations defined on it Algebraic, the order of entering operations when using a calculator (contrast reverse Polish notation) Algebraic sum, a summation of quantities that takes into account their signs; e.g. the algebraic sum of 4, 3, and -8 is -1.