Budget

A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial, for a defined period, often one year or a month. 　A budget may include anticipated sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities including time, costs and expenses, environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, other impacts, assets, liabilities and cash flows. 　Companies, governments, families, and other organizations use budgets to express strategic plans of activities in measurable terms. 　A budget expresses intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them with resources. 　A budget may express a surplus, providing resources for use at a future time, or a deficit in which expenditures exceed income or other resources.

Experiment

An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. 　Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. 　Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. 　There also exist natural experimental studies. 　A child may carry out basic experiments to understand how things fall to the ground, while teams of scientists may take years of systematic investigation to advance their understanding of a phenomenon. 　Experiments and other types of hands-on activities are very important to student learning in the science classroom. 　Experiments can raise test scores and help a student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning, especially when used over time. 　Experiments can vary from personal and informal natural comparisons (e.g. tasting a range of chocolates to find a favorite), to highly controlled (e.g. tests requiring complex apparatus overseen by many scientists that hope to discover information about subatomic particles). 　Uses of experiments vary considerably between the natural and human sciences. 　Experiments typically include controls, which are designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable. 　This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. 　Scientific controls are a part of the scientific method. 　Ideally, all variables in an experiment are controlled (accounted for by the control measurements) and none are uncontrolled. 　In such an experiment, if all controls work as expected, it is possible to conclude that the experiment works as intended, and that results are due to the effect of the tested variables.

Tank

A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. 　Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engine; usually their main armament is mounted in a turret. 　They are a mainstay of modern 20th and 21st century ground forces and a key part of combined arms combat. 　Modern tanks are versatile mobile land weapons platforms whose main armament is a large-caliber tank gun mounted in a rotating gun turret, supplemented by machine guns or other ranged weapons such as anti-tank guided missiles or rocket launchers. 　They have heavy vehicle armour which provides protection for the crew, the vehicle's munition storage, fuel tank and propulsion systems. 　The use of tracks rather than wheels provides improved operational mobility which allows the tank to overcome rugged terrain and adverse conditions such as mud and ice/snow better than wheeled vehicles, and thus be more flexibly positioned at advantageous locations on the battlefield. 　These features enable the tank to perform well in a variety of intense combat situations, simultaneously both offensively (with direct fire from their powerful main gun) and defensively (as fire support and defilade for friendly troops due to the near invulnerability to common infantry small arms and good resistance against heavier weapons, although anti-tank weapons used in 2022, some of them man-portable, have demonstrated the ability to destroy older generations of tanks with single shots),[disputed – discuss] all while maintaining the mobility needed to exploit changing tactical situations. 　Fully integrating tanks into modern military forces spawned a new era of combat: armoured warfare. 　Until the arrival of the main battle tank, tanks were typically categorized either by weight class (light, medium, heavy or superheavy tanks) or doctrinal purpose (breakthrough-, cavalry-, infantry-, cruiser-, or reconnaissance tanks). 　Some being larger and very heavily armoured and with large guns, while others are smaller, lightly armoured, and equipped with a smaller caliber and lighter gun. 　These smaller tanks move over terrain with speed and agility and can perform a reconnaissance role in addition to engaging enemy targets. 　The smaller, faster tank would not normally engage in battle with a larger, heavily armoured tank, except during a surprise flanking manoeuvre.

Missouri

Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. 　Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska to the west. 　In the south are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. 　The Missouri River, after which the state is named, flows through the center into the Mississippi River, which makes up the eastern border. 　With more than six million residents, it is the 19th-most populous state of the country. 　The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City. 　Humans have inhabited what is now Missouri for at least 12,000 years. 　The Mississippian culture, which emerged at least in the ninth century, built cities and mounds before declining in the 14th century. 　When European explorers arrived in the 17th century, they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations. 　The French incorporated the territory into Louisiana, founding Ste. 　Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764. 　After a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired Missouri as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 　Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory. 　Missouri was admitted as a slave state as part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820. 　Many from Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. 　Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland. 　Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. 　The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail and California Trail all began in Missouri. 　As a border state, Missouri's role in the American Civil War was complex, and it was subject to rival governments, raids, and guerilla warfare. 　After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business. 　Today the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. 　Missouri's culture blends elements of the Midwestern and Southern United States. 　It is the birthplace of the musical genres ragtime, Kansas City jazz and St. Louis blues. 　The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and the lesser-known St. Louis-style barbecue, can be found across the state and beyond. 　Missouri is a major center of beer brewing and has some of the most permissive alcohol laws in the U.S. 　It is home to Anheuser-Busch, the world's largest beer producer, and produces an eponymous wine produced in the Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks. 　Outside the state's major cities, popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, Table Rock Lake and Branson. 　Well-known Missourians include Chuck Berry, Sheryl Crow, Walt Disney, Edwin Hubble, Nelly, Brad Pitt, Harry S. Truman, and Mark Twain. 　Some of the largest companies based in the state include Cerner, Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, H&R Block, Wells Fargo Advisors, Centene Corporation, and O'Reilly Auto Parts. 　Well-known universities in Missouri include the University of Missouri, Saint Louis University, Washington University in St. Louis. 　Missouri has been called the "Mother of the West" and the "Cave State", but its most famous nickname is the "Show Me State".

Vietnam

Coordinates: 16°N 108°E / 16°N 108°E / 16; 108 This article contains Vietnamese text. 　Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ. 　Vietnam or Viet Nam (Vietnamese: Việt Nam, [vîət nāːm] (listen)), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia. 　It is located at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's sixteenth-most populous country. 　Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. 　It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. 　Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City (commonly referred to by its former name, Saigon). 　Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. 　The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the first dynasty emerged in 939. 　Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. 　The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to France in 1883. 　Following the August Revolution, the nationalist Viet Minh under the leadership of communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh proclaimed independence from France in 1945. 　Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. 　After World War II, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the First Indochina War, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. 　As a result of treaties signed two years later, Vietnam was also separated into two parts. 　The Vietnam War began shortly after, between the communist North, supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the anti-communist South, supported by the United States. 　Upon the North Vietnamese victory in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary socialist state under the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in 1976. 　An ineffective planned economy, a trade embargo by the West, and wars with Cambodia and China crippled the country further. 　In 1986, the CPV initiated economic and political reforms similar to the Chinese economic reform, transforming the country to a market-oriented economy. 　The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the global economy and politics. 　A developing country with a lower-middle-income economy, Vietnam is nonetheless one of the fastest-growing economies of the 21st century, with a GDP predicted to rival developed nations by 2050. 　Vietnam has high levels of corruption and censorship and a poor human rights record; the country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities. 　It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO. 　It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council twice.

Familiar

In European folklore of the medieval and early modern periods, familiars (sometimes referred to as familiar spirits) were believed to be supernatural entities that would assist witches and cunning folk in their practice of magic. 　According to records of the time, those alleging to have had contact with familiar spirits reported that they could manifest as numerous forms, usually as an animal, but sometimes as a human or humanoid figure, and were described as "clearly defined, three-dimensional... forms, vivid with colour and animated with movement and sound", as opposed to descriptions of ghosts with their "smoky, undefined form[s]". 　When they served witches, they were often thought to be malevolent, but when working for cunning folk they were often considered benevolent (although there was some ambiguity in both cases). 　The former were often categorized as demons, while the latter were more commonly thought of and described as fairies. 　The main purpose of familiars was to serve the witch, providing protection for them as they came into their new powers. 　Since the 20th century some magical practitioners, including adherents of the Neopagan religion of Wicca, use the concept of familiars, due to their association with older forms of magic. 　These contemporary practitioners use pets or wildlife, or believe that invisible versions of familiars act as magical aides.

Colorado

Colorado (/ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ, -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ (listen), other variants) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. 　It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. 　Colorado is the eighth most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state. 　The 2020 United States census enumerated the population of Colorado at 5,773,714, an increase of 14.80% since the 2010 United States census. 　The region has been inhabited by Native Americans and their ancestors for at least 13,500 years and possibly much longer. 　The eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains was a major migration route for early peoples who spread throughout the Americas. 　"Colorado" is the Spanish adjective meaning "ruddy", the color of the Fountain Formation outcroppings found up and down the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. 　The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28, 1861, and on August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state. 　Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. 　Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north, Nebraska to the northeast, Kansas to the east, Oklahoma to the southeast, New Mexico to the south, and Utah to the west, and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners. 　Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers, and desert lands. 　Colorado is one of the Mountain States, and is a part of the western and is often considered to be part of the southwestern United States. 　Denver is the capital of and most populous city in Colorado. 　Residents of the state are known as Coloradans, although the antiquated "Coloradoan" is occasionally used. 　Major parts of the economy include government and defense, mining, agriculture, tourism, and increasingly other kinds of manufacturing. 　With increasing temperatures and decreasing water availability, Colorado's agriculture, forestry, and tourism economies are expected to be heavily affected by climate change. 　Colorado is one of the most educated, developed, and wealthiest states, ranking 3rd in percentage of population 25 and over with a bachelor's degree and 8th in percentage of population 25 and over with an advanced degree, 9th on the American Human Development Index, 8th in per capita income and 9th in median household income.

Partnership

A partnership is an arrangement where parties, known as business partners, agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. 　The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. 　Organizations may partner to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission and to amplify their reach. 　A partnership may result in issuing and holding equity or may be only governed by a contract.

Wedding

Wedding practices in different cultures A wedding is a ceremony where 2 people are united in marriage. 　Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures, ethnic groups, religions, countries, and social classes. 　Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of marriage vows by a couple, presentation of a gift (offering, rings, symbolic item, flowers, money, dress), and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure or celebrant. 　Special wedding garments are often worn, and the ceremony is sometimes followed by a wedding reception. 　Music, poetry, prayers, or readings from religious texts or literature are also commonly incorporated into the ceremony, as well as superstitious customs.

Kansas

Kansas (/ˈkænzəs/ (listen)) is a state in the Midwestern United States. 　Its capital is Topeka, and its largest city is Wichita. 　Kansas is a landlocked state bordered by Nebraska to the north; Missouri to the east; Oklahoma to the south; and Colorado to the west. 　Kansas is named after the Kansas River, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks. 　The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the (south) wind" although this was probably not the term's original meaning. 　For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. 　Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. 　Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. 　The first Euro-American settlement in Kansas occurred in 1827 at Fort Leavenworth. 　The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate. 　When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas–Nebraska Act, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. 　Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. 　The abolitionists prevailed, and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state, hence the unofficial nickname "The Free State". 　By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. 　Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles (213,100 square kilometers) is the 15th-largest state by area and is the 36th most-populous of the 50 states, with a population of 2,940,865 according to the 2020 census. 　Residents of Kansas are called Kansans. 　Mount Sunflower is Kansas's highest point at 4,039 feet (1,231 meters).

Theorem

In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proved, or can be proved. 　The proof of a theorem is a logical argument that uses the inference rules of a deductive system to establish that the theorem is a logical consequence of the axioms and previously proved theorems. 　In the mainstream of mathematics, the axioms and the inference rules are commonly left implicit, and, in this case, they are almost always those of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice, or of a less powerful theory, such as Peano arithmetic. 　A notable exception is Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, which involves the Grothendieck universes whose existence requires the addition of a new axiom to the set theory. 　Generally, an assertion that is explicitly called a theorem is a proved result that is not an immediate consequence of other known theorems. 　Moreover, many authors qualify as theorems only the most important results, and use the terms lemma, proposition and corollary for less important theorems. 　In mathematical logic, the concepts of theorems and proofs have been formalized in order to allow mathematical reasoning about them. 　In this context, statements become well-formed formulas of some formal language. 　A theory consists of some basis statements called axioms, and some deducing rules (sometimes included in the axioms). 　The theorems of the theory are the statements that can be derived from the axioms by using the deducing rules. 　This formalization led to proof theory, which allows proving general theorems about theorems and proofs. 　In particular, Gödel's incompleteness theorems show that every consistent theory containing the natural numbers has true statements on natural numbers that are not theorems of the theory (that is they cannot be proved inside the theory). 　As the axioms are often abstractions of properties of the physical world, theorems may be considered as expressing some truth, but in contrast to the notion of a scientific law, which is experimental, the justification of the truth of a theorem is purely deductive.

Queensland

Queensland (locally /ˈkwiːnzlænd/ KWEENZ-land) is a state situated in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous of the Australian states. 　It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, southwest and south respectively. 　To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and the Pacific Ocean; to its north is the Torres Strait, separating the Australian mainland from Papua New Guinea. 　With an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres (715,309 sq mi), Queensland is the world's sixth-largest sub-national entity; it is larger than all but 15 countries. 　Due to its size, Queensland's geographical features and climates are diverse, including tropical rainforests, rivers, coral reefs, mountain ranges and sandy beaches in its tropical and sub-tropical coastal regions, as well as deserts and savanna in the semi-arid and desert climatic regions of its interior. 　Queensland has a population of over 5.2 million, concentrated along the coast and particularly in South East Queensland. 　The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australia's third-largest city. 　Ten of Australia's thirty largest cities are located in Queensland, with the largest outside Brisbane being the Gold Coast, the Sunshine Coast, Townsville, Cairns, Ipswich, and Toowoomba. 　The state's population is multicultural, with 28.9% of inhabitants being immigrants. 　Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders. 　Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, the first European to land in Australia, explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula in 1606. 　In 1770, James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. 　In 1788, Arthur Phillip founded the colony of New South Wales, which included all of what is now Queensland. 　Queensland was explored in subsequent decades, and the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement was established at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. 　Queensland was separated from New South Wales on 6 June 1859 (now commemorated as Queensland Day), thereby establishing Queensland as a self-governing Crown colony with responsible government, named in honour of Queen Victoria. 　Queensland was among the six colonies which became the founding states of Australia with Federation on 1 January 1901. 　Since the Bjelke-Petersen era of the late 20th century, Queensland has received a high level of internal migration from the other states and territories of Australia and remains a popular destination for interstate migration. 　Queensland has the third-largest economy among Australian states, with strengths in mining, agriculture, transportation, international education, insurance and banking. 　Nicknamed the Sunshine State for its tropical and sub-tropical climates, Great Barrier Reef and numerous beaches, tourism is also important to the state's economy.

Wisconsin

Wisconsin (/wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ (listen)) is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. 　Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. 　It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. 　The bulk of Wisconsin's population live in areas situated along the shores of Lake Michigan. 　The largest city, Milwaukee, anchors its largest metropolitan area, followed by Green Bay and Kenosha, the third- and fourth-most-populated Wisconsin cities respectively. 　The state capital, Madison, is currently the second-most-populated and fastest-growing city in the state. 　Wisconsin is divided into 72 counties and as of the 2020 census had a population of nearly 5.9 million. 　Wisconsin's geography is diverse, having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area. 　The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupy the western part of the state, with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan. 　Wisconsin is third to Ontario and Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline. 　The northern portion of the state is home to the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. 　At the time of European contact the area was inhabited by Algonquian and Siouan nations, and today is home to eleven federally recognized tribes. 　During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many European settlers entered the state, most of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia. 　Wisconsin remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture, particularly in respect to its cuisine, with foods such as bratwurst and kringle. 　Wisconsin is home to one UNESCO World Heritage Site, comprising two of the most significant buildings designed by Wisconsin-born architect Frank Lloyd Wright: his studio at Taliesin near Spring Green and his Jacobs I House in Madison. 　The state is one of the nation's leading dairy producers and is known as "America's Dairyland"; it is particularly famous for its cheese. 　The state is also famous for its beer, particularly and historically in Milwaukee, most notably as the headquarters of the Miller Brewing Company. 　Wisconsin has some of the most permissive alcohol laws in the country and is well known for its drinking culture. 　Its economy is dominated by manufacturing, healthcare, information technology, and agriculture—specifically dairy, cranberries and ginseng. 　Tourism is also a major contributor to the state's economy. 　The gross domestic product in 2020 was $348 billion.

Tunnel

A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through surrounding soil, earth or rock, and enclosed except for the entrance and exit, commonly at each end. 　A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. 　A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. 　The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in the tunnel. 　Some tunnels are used as sewers or aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations. 　Utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment. 　Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people. 　Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. 　Tunnels can be connected together in tunnel networks.

Mirror

A mirror or looking glass is an object that reflects an image. 　Light that bounces off a mirror will show an image of whatever is in front of it, when focused through the lens of the eye or a camera. 　Mirrors reverse the direction of the image in an equal yet opposite angle from which the light shines upon it. 　This allows the viewer to see themselves or objects behind them, or even objects that are at an angle from them but out of their field of view, such as around a corner. 　Natural mirrors have existed since prehistoric times, such as the surface of water, but people have been manufacturing mirrors out of a variety of materials for thousands of years, like stone, metals, and glass. 　In modern mirrors, metals like silver or aluminium are often used due to their high reflectivity, applied as a thin coating on glass because of its naturally smooth and very hard surface. 　A mirror is a wave reflector. 　Light consists of waves, and when light waves reflect from the flat surface of a mirror, those waves retain the same degree of curvature and vergence, in an equal yet opposite direction, as the original waves. 　This allows the waves to form an image when they are focused through a lens, just as if the waves had originated from the direction of the mirror. 　The light can also be pictured as rays (imaginary lines radiating from the light source, that are always perpendicular to the waves). 　These rays are reflected at an equal yet opposite angle from which they strike the mirror (incident light). 　This property, called specular reflection, distinguishes a mirror from objects that diffuse light, breaking up the wave and scattering it in many directions (such as flat-white paint). 　Thus, a mirror can be any surface in which the texture or roughness of the surface is smaller (smoother) than the wavelength of the waves. 　When looking at a mirror, one will see a mirror image or reflected image of objects in the environment, formed by light emitted or scattered by them and reflected by the mirror towards one's eyes. 　This effect gives the illusion that those objects are behind the mirror, or (sometimes) in front of it. 　When the surface is not flat, a mirror may behave like a reflecting lens. 　A plane mirror yields a real-looking undistorted image, while a curved mirror may distort, magnify, or reduce the image in various ways, while keeping the lines, contrast, sharpness, colors, and other image properties intact. 　A mirror is commonly used for inspecting oneself, such as during personal grooming; hence the old-fashioned name "looking glass". 　This use, which dates from prehistory, overlaps with uses in decoration and architecture. 　Mirrors are also used to view other items that are not directly visible because of obstructions; examples include rear-view mirrors in vehicles, security mirrors in or around buildings, and dentist's mirrors. 　Mirrors are also used in optical and scientific apparatus such as telescopes, lasers, cameras, periscopes, and industrial machinery. 　According to superstitions breaking a mirror is said to bring seven years of bad luck. 　The terms "mirror" and "reflector" can be used for objects that reflect any other types of waves. 　An acoustic mirror reflects sound waves. 　Objects such as walls, ceilings, or natural rock-formations may produce echos, and this tendency often becomes a problem in acoustical engineering when designing houses, auditoriums, or recording studios. 　Acoustic mirrors may be used for applications such as parabolic microphones, atmospheric studies, sonar, and seafloor mapping. 　An atomic mirror reflects matter waves and can be used for atomic interferometry and atomic holography.

Collaboration

Collaboration (from Latin com- "with" + laborare "to labor", "to work") is the process of two or more people, entities or organizations working together to complete a task or achieve a goal. 　Collaboration is similar to cooperation. 　Most collaboration requires leadership,[vague] although the form of leadership can be social within a decentralized and egalitarian group. 　Teams that work collaboratively often access greater resources, recognition and rewards when facing competition for finite resources. 　Structured methods of collaboration encourage introspection of behavior and communication. 　Such methods aim to increase the success of teams as they engage in collaborative problem-solving. 　Collaboration is present in opposing goals exhibiting the notion of adversarial collaboration, though this is not a common use of the term. 　In its applied sense, "(a) collaboration is a purposeful relationship in which all parties strategically choose to cooperate in order to accomplish a shared outcome."

Liquid

A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. 　As such, it is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. 　A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. 　Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. 　Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. 　Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. 　A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena. 　Water is by far the most common liquid on Earth. 　The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than that of a gas. 　Therefore, liquid and solid are both termed condensed matter. 　On the other hand, as liquids and gases share the ability to flow, they are both called fluids. 　Although liquid water is abundant on Earth, this state of matter is actually the least common in the known universe, because liquids require a relatively narrow temperature/pressure range to exist. 　Most known matter in the universe is in gaseous form (with traces of detectable solid matter) as interstellar clouds or plasma from within stars.

Till

Till or glacial till is unsorted glacial sediment. 　Till is derived from the erosion and entrainment of material by the moving ice of a glacier. 　It is deposited some distance down-ice to form terminal, lateral, medial and ground moraines. 　Till is classified into primary deposits, laid down directly by glaciers, and secondary deposits, reworked by fluvial transport and other processes.

False

Look up FALSE, false, or falsehood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　False or falsehood may refer to: False (logic), the negation of truth in classical logic Lie or falsehood, a type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement false (Unix), a Unix command False (album), a 1992 album by Gorefest Matthew Dear or False (born 1979), American DJ and producer Falsehood (1952 film), an Italian melodrama film Falsehood (2001 film), an American short film

Lap

Look up lap in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　A lap is a surface (usually horizontal) created between the knee and hips of a biped when it is in a seated or lying down position. 　The lap of a parent or loved one is seen as a physically and psychologically comfortable place for a child to sit. 　In some countries where Christmas is celebrated, it has been a tradition for children to sit on the lap of a person dressed as Santa Claus to tell Santa what they want for Christmas, and have their picture taken, but this practice has since been questioned in some of these countries, where this sort of contact between children and unfamiliar adults raises concerns. 　Among adults, a person sitting on the lap of another usually indicates an intimate or romantic relationship between the two; this is a factor in the erotic activity in strip clubs known as a lap dance, where one person straddles the lap of the other and gyrates their lower extremities in a provocative manner. 　A Lap steel guitar is a type of steel guitar played in a sitting position with the instrument placed horizontally across the player's knees. 　The lap can be a useful surface for carrying out tasks when a table is not available. 　The laptop computer was so named because it was seen as being able to be used on the user's lap.

Shore

A shore or a shoreline is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. 　In physical oceanography, a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one. 　In contrast to a coast, a shore can border any body of water, while the coast must border an ocean or a sea. 　Therefore, in that sense, a coast is a type of shore. 　However, the word "coast" often refers to an area far wider than the shore, often stretching miles into the interior. 　Shores are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape, as well as by water induced erosion, such as waves. 　The geological composition of rock and soil dictates the type of shore which is created.

Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. 　Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. 　Coal is a type of fossil fuel, formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. 　Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands called coal forests that covered much of the Earth's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) and Permian times. 　Many significant coal deposits are younger than this and originate from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. 　Coal is used primarily as a fuel. 　While coal has been known and used for thousands of years, its usage was limited until the Industrial Revolution. 　With the invention of the steam engine, coal consumption increased. 　In 2020, coal supplied about a quarter of the world's primary energy and over a third of its electricity. 　Some iron and steel-making and other industrial processes burn coal. 　The extraction and use of coal causes premature death and illness. 　The use of coal damages the environment, and it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide contributing to climate change. 　Fourteen billion tonnes of carbon dioxide was emitted by burning coal in 2020, which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and over 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions. 　As part of worldwide energy transition, many countries have reduced or eliminated their use of coal power. 　The United Nations Secretary General asked governments to stop building new coal plants by 2020. 　Global coal use peaked in 2013. 　To meet the Paris Agreement target of keeping global warming below 2 °C (3.6 °F) coal use needs to halve from 2020 to 2030, and phasing out coal was agreed upon in the Glasgow Climate Pact. 　The largest consumer and importer of coal in 2020 was China, which accounts for almost half the world's annual coal production, followed by India with about a tenth. 　Indonesia and Australia export the most, followed by Russia.

Shadow

A shadow is a dark area where light from a light source is blocked by an opaque object. 　It occupies all of the three-dimensional volume behind an object with light in front of it. 　The cross section of a shadow is a two-dimensional silhouette, or a reverse projection of the object blocking the light.

Shadow (psychology)

In analytical psychology, the shadow (also known as ego-dystonic complex, repressed id, shadow aspect, or shadow archetype) is an unconscious aspect of the personality that does not correspond with the ego ideal, leading the ego to resist and project the shadow. 　In short, the shadow is the self's emotional blind spot, projected (as archetypes—or, metaphoral sense-image complexes, personified within the collective unconscious); e.g., trickster.