Korea

Korea (Korean: 한국, Hanguk or 조선, Joseon) is a peninsular region in East Asia. 　Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic of Korea) comprising its southern half. 　Korea consists of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and several minor islands near the peninsula. 　The peninsula is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. 　It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea). 　During the first half of the 1st millennium, Korea was divided between three states, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea. 　In the second half of the 1st millennium, Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo, leading to the "Unified Silla" period. 　Meanwhile, Balhae formed in the north, superseding former Goguryeo. 　Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to civil war, ushering in the Later Three Kingdoms. 　Toward the end of the 1st millennium, Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo, which defeated the two other states and unified the Korean Peninsula as a single sovereign state. 　Around the same time, Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo. 　Goryeo (also spelled as Koryŏ), whose name developed into the modern exonym "Korea", was a highly cultured state that created the world's first metal movable type in 1234. 　However, multiple incursions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation, which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting. 　Following military resistance under King Gongmin that ended Mongol political influence in Goryeo, severe political strife followed, and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye, who established Joseon on 17 July 1392. 　The first 200 years of the Joseon era were marked by relative peace. 　During this period, the Korean alphabet was created by Sejong the Great in the 15th century and there was increasing influence of Confucianism. 　During the later part of the dynasty, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the "hermit kingdom". 　Korea was removed from Chinese suzerainty following the Qing dynasty's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, and Gojong of Korea subsequently proclaimed the Korean Empire in 1897. 　The unexpected victory of Japan in the Russo-Japanese War spelled the end of Russian imperial ambitions in Korea, and Japan was left with no other rivals in the region. 　The Korean Empire subsequently became a protectorate of Japan on 17 November 1905, and was later annexed by Japan on 22 August 1910. 　Japan relinquished control over Korea after formally surrendering to the Allies on 2 September 1945, in the aftermath of World War II. 　The Soviet Union and the United States had agreed to partition Korea along the 38th parallel, with the Soviets occupying the north and the Americans occupying the south. 　These circumstances became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers with two different ideologies, exacerbated by their inability to agree on the terms of Korean independence. 　The Communist-inspired government in the North received backing from the Soviet Union in opposition to the pro-Western government in the South, leading to Korea's division into two sovereign states in 1948: North Korea, and South Korea. 　Tensions between the two resulted in the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. 　With involvement by foreign troops, the war ended in a stalemate in 1953, but without a formalised peace treaty. 　This status contributes to the high tensions that continue to divide the peninsula, and both states continue to claim to be the sole legitimate one of the region. 　A breakthrough in the peace process came on 27 April 2018, when North Korea and South Korea signed the Panmunjom Declaration on ending the conflict and reunifying Korea.

Brand

A brand is a name, term, design, symbol or any other feature that distinguishes one seller's good or service from those of other sellers. 　Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising for recognition and, importantly, to create and store value as brand equity for the object identified, to the benefit of the brand's customers, its owners and shareholders. 　Brand names are sometimes distinguished from generic or store brands. 　The practice of branding - in the original literal sense of marking by burning - is thought to have begun with the ancient Egyptians, who are known to have engaged in livestock branding as early as 2,700 BCE.　[need quotation to verify] Branding was used to differentiate one person's cattle from another's by means of a distinctive symbol burned into the animal's skin with a hot branding iron. 　If a person stole any of the cattle, anyone else who saw the symbol could deduce the actual owner. 　The term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that "brand" now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. 　It includes the voice and the tonality of the business. 　Over time, the practice of branding objects extended to a broader range of packaging and goods offered for sale including oil, wine, cosmetics, and fish sauce and, in the 21st century, extends even further into services (such as legal, financial and medical), political parties and people (e.g. Lady Gaga and Katy Perry). 　Branding in terms of painting a cow with symbols or colors at flea markets was considered to be one of the oldest forms of the practice. 　In the modern era, the concept of branding has expanded to include deployment by a manager of the marketing and communication techniques and tools that help to distinguish a company or products from competitors, aiming to create a lasting impression in the minds of customers. 　The key components that form a brand's toolbox include a brand's identity, personality, product design, brand communication (such as by logos and trademarks), brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding (brand management) strategies. 　Many companies believe that there is often little to differentiate between several types of products in the 21st century, hence branding is among a few remaining forms of product differentiation. 　Brand equity is the measurable totality of a brand's worth and is validated by observing the effectiveness of these branding components. 　As markets become increasingly dynamic and fluctuating, brand equity is built by the deployment of marketing techniques to increase customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, with side effects like reduced price sensitivity. 　A brand is, in essence, a promise to its customers of what they can expect from products and may include emotional as well as functional benefits. 　When a customer is familiar with a brand or favors it incomparably to its competitors, a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. 　Special accounting standards have been devised to assess brand equity. 　In accounting, a brand, defined as an intangible asset, is often the most valuable asset on a corporation's balance sheet. 　Brand owners manage their brands carefully to create shareholder value. 　Brand valuation is a management technique that ascribes a monetary value to a brand, and allows marketing investment to be managed (e.g.: prioritized across a portfolio of brands) to maximize shareholder value. 　Although only acquired brands appear on a company's balance sheet, the notion of putting a value on a brand forces marketing leaders to be focused on long term stewardship of the brand and managing for value. 　The word "brand" is often used as a metonym referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. 　Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, which may be distinguished from a car model. 　A concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast-cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. 　A commodity brand is a brand associated with a commodity.

Detection

In general, detection is the action of accessing information without specific cooperation from with the sender. 　In the history of radio communications, the term "detector" was first used for a device that detected the simple presence or absence of a radio signal, since all communications were in Morse code. 　The term is still in use today to describe a component that extracts a particular signal from all of the electromagnetic waves present. 　Detection is usually based on the frequency of the carrier signal, as in the familiar frequencies of radio broadcasting, but it may also involve filtering a faint signal from noise, as in radio astronomy, or reconstructing a hidden signal, as in steganography. 　In optoelectronics, "detection" means converting a received optical input to an electrical output. 　For example, the light signal received through an optical fiber is converted to an electrical signal in a detector such as a photodiode. 　In steganography, attempts to detect hidden signals in suspected carrier material is referred to as steganalysis. 　Steganalysis has an interesting difference from most other types of detection, in that it can often only determine the probability that a hidden message exists; this is in contrast to the detection of signals which are simply encrypted, as the ciphertext can often be identified with certainty, even if it cannot be decoded. 　In the military, detection refers to the special discipline of reconnaissance with the aim to recognize the presence of an object in a location or ambiance. 　Finally, the art of detection, also known as following clues, is the work of a detective in attempting to reconstruct a sequence of events by identifying the relevant information in a situation.

Concert

A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. 　The performance may be by a single musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir, or band. 　Concerts are held in a wide variety and size of settings, from private houses and small nightclubs, dedicated concert halls, amphitheatres and parks, to large multipurpose buildings, such as arenas and stadiums. 　Indoor concerts held in the largest venues are sometimes called arena concerts or amphitheatre concerts. 　Informal names for a concert include show and gig. 　Regardless of the venue, musicians usually perform on a stage (if not actual then an area of the floor designated as such). 　Concerts often require live event support with professional audio equipment. 　Before recorded music, concerts provided the main opportunity to hear musicians play. 　For large concerts or concert tours, the challenging logistics of arranging the musicians, venue, equipment and audience (ticket sales) are handled by professional tour promoters.

Philosophy

Philosophy (from Greek: φιλοσοφία, philosophia, 'love of wisdom') is the processing of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. 　Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BCE), although this theory is disputed by some. 　Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. 　Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. 　"Natural philosophy," which began as a discipline in ancient India and Ancient Greece, encompasses astronomy, medicine, and physics. 　For example, Isaac Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. 　In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize. 　Since then, various areas of investigation that were traditionally part of philosophy have become separate academic disciplines, and namely the social sciences such as psychology, sociology, linguistics, and economics. 　Today, major subfields of academic philosophy include metaphysics, which is concerned with the fundamental nature of existence and reality; epistemology, which studies the nature of knowledge and belief; ethics, which is concerned with moral value; and logic, which studies the rules of inference that allow one to derive conclusions from true premises. 　Other notable subfields include philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, political philosophy, aesthetics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind.

Conversation

Conversation is interactive communication between two or more people. 　The development of conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. 　The development of conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and learning. 　Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the structure and organization of human interaction, with a more specific focus on conversational interaction.

Gate

A gate or gateway is a point of entry to or from a space enclosed by walls. 　The word derived from old Norse "gat" meaning road or path; But other terms include yett and port. 　The concept originally referred to the gap or hole in the wall or fence, rather than a barrier which closed it. 　Gates may prevent or control the entry or exit of individuals, or they may be merely decorative. 　The moving part or parts of a gateway may be considered "doors", as they are fixed at one side whilst opening and closing like one. 　A gate may have a latch that can be raised and lowered to both open a gate or prevent it from swinging. 　Locks are also used on gates to increase the security. 　Larger gates can be used for a whole building, such as a castle or fortified town. 　Actual doors can also be considered gates when they are used to block entry as prevalent within a gatehouse. 　Today, many gate doors are opened by an automated gate operator.

Steve

Steve is a masculine given name, usually a short form (hypocorism) of Steven or Stephen. 　Notable people with the name include: Steve Abbott (disambiguation), several people Steve Adams (disambiguation), several people Steve Alaimo (born 1939), American singer, record & TV producer, label owner Steve Albini (born 1961), American musician, record producer, audio engineer, and music journalist Steve Allen (1921–2000), American television personality, musician, composer, comedian and writer Steve Armitage (born 1944), British-born Canadian sports reporter Steve Armstrong (born 1965), American professional wrestler Steve Antin (born 1958), American actor Steve Augarde (born 1950), British author and artist Steve Augeri (born 1959), American singer Steve August (born 1954), American football player Stone Cold Steve Austin (born 1964), American professional wrestler Steve Aylett (born 1967), English author of satirical science fiction, fantasy, and slipstream Steve Backshall (born 1973), English naturalist, writer and television presenter Steve Baker (disambiguation), several people Steve Ballmer (born 1956), American businessman, CEO of Microsoft (2000–2014) and owner of the Los Angeles Clippers Steve Bannon (born 1953), American media executive, political strategist, and former investment banker Steve Barker (disambiguation), several people Steve Bartek (born 1952), American guitarist, film composer, conductor, and orchestrator Steve Bartelstein, American television journalist and umpire Steve Bays, Canadian musician, audio engineer, and producer Steve Beauharnais (born 1990), American football player Steve Belkin (born 1947), American businessman, former team owner Steve Belles (born 1966), American football player Steve Berman, American editor and novelist Steve W. Berman, American lawyer Steve Beshear (born 1944), American attorney and politician Steve Biko (1946–1977), South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Billirakis (born 1986), American poker player Steve Binder (born 1932), American producer and director Steve Birnbaum (born 1991), American soccer player Steve Bjorklund (born c. 1960), American musician Steve Blackman (born 1963), American martial arts instructor, bail bondsman, and former professional wrestler Steve Blackman (writer), Canadian television writer, and executive producer Steve Blum (born 1960), American voice actor Steve Booker (producer), British music producer, songwriter and musician Steve Boone (born 1943), American bass guitarist and music producer, who is both a founding member and current member of the Folk-Rock group The Lovin' Spoonful Steve Bradley (1975–2008), American professional wrestler Steve Bren (born 1960), American racing driver and real estate developer Steve Brewer (born 1957), American author Steve Broderick (born 1981), vocalist Steve Brodie (disambiguation), several people Steve Brodner (born 1954), American editorial cartoonist, editor, and producer Steve Brown (disambiguation), several people Steve Buccellato (born 1968), American comic artist, writer, and editor Steve Bullock (British politician) (born 1954), first directly elected mayor of the London Borough of Lewisham Steve Bullock (American politician) (born 1966), Governor of Montana, USA Steve Buttle (1953–2012), English professional midfielder Steve Burns (born 1973), American actor, filmmaker, and musician Steve Burton (disambiguation), several people Steve Burtt Jr., American-Ukrainian basketball player who played in and Israeli league Steve Buscemi (born 1957), American actor, director, producer, writer, and former firefighter Steve Callaghan, American screenwriter, producer, and voice actor Steve Cannon (radio) (1927–2009), American radio personality and TV host Steve Cannon (writer) (1935–2019), American writer Steve Cantwell (born 1986), American mixed martial arts fighter Steve Cardenas (born 1974), American martial artist and actor Steve Carell (born 1962), American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer Steve Carroll, American sports broadcaster Steve Carter (disambiguation), several people Steve Carver (1945–2021), American filmmaker Steve Case (born 1958), American entrepreneur and businessman, founder of America Online Steve Casey (1908–1987), Irish sport rower and professional wrestler Steve Centanni, American former news reporter for Fox News Channel Steve Cohen (judoka) (born 1955), American Olympic judoka Steve Chappell, American aerospace engineer, mountain climber and aquanaut Steve Clark (disambiguation), several people Steve Coleman (born 1956), American saxophonist Steve Coleman (American football) (born 1950), American football player Steve Collins (born 1964), Irish former professional boxer Steve Conway (politician) (born 1944), American politician Steve Conway (singer) (1920–1952), British singer Steve Condos (1918–1990), American tap dancer Steve Coogan (born 1965), English actor, comedian, producer and screenwriter Steve Cooley (born 1947), American lawyer, politician, and former prosecutor Steve Corino (born 1973), Canadian semi-retired professional wrestler Steve Coulter, NASCAR team owner Steve Cox (disambiguation), several people Steve Davis (born 1957), British snooker player Steve Dee, American disc jockey and innovator Steve DiSalvo (born 1949), American retired professional wrestler Steve Dubbeldam, Canadian-American entrepreneur and fashion designer Steve Dubinsky (born 1970), Canadian hockey player Steve Dublanica (born 1968), American author and blogger Steve Duemig (1954–2019), American sports media personality Steve Dunleavy (1938–2019), Australian journalist Steve Earle (born 1955), American singer-songwriter, record producer, author, and actor Steve Earle (footballer) (born 1945), English former footballer Steve Edge (born 1972), English actor, writer, and comedian Steve Erickson (born 1950), American novelist Steve Evans (disambiguation), several people Steve Fisk, American audio engineer, record producer, and musician Steve Foley (disambiguation), several people Steve Fonyo (1965–2022), Canadian runner Steve Fossett (1944–2007), American businessman Steve Fox (disambiguation), several people Steve Galluccio (born 1960), Canadian screenwriter and playwright Steve Garvey (disambiguation), several people Steve Gawley (born 1952), special effects artist and voice actor Steve George (born 1955), American musician and singer Steve Gibson (disambiguation), several people Steve Gilliard (1964–2007), American journalist and blogger Steve Gomer, American film and television director Steve Gonzalez (born 1980), American soccer player Steve Gonzalez (American football) (born 1981), American football player Steve Goodman (1948–1984), American folk and country singer-songwriter Steve Gottlieb (disambiguation), several people Steve or Steven Gray (disambiguation), several people Steve Griffin (born 1964), American football player Steve Hadley (disambiguation), several people Steve Handelsman (born 1948), American journalist Steve Harley (born 1951), British singer and songwriter, lead singer of Cockney Rebel Steve Harris (disambiguation), several people Steve Harvey (born 1957), American TV and radio personality Steve Harwell (born 1967), American retired singer and musician Steve High, American former women's basketball coach Steve Hockensmith (born 1968), American author Steve Hoffman (disambiguation), several people Steve Holt (American musician), guitarist for the band 36 Crazyfists Steve Holt (Canadian musician) (born 1954), Canadian musician Steve Howe (baseball) (1958–2006), American baseball player Steve Howe (musician) (born 1947), English guitarist Steve Huebert (born 1959), Kansas state legislator Steve Hughes, Australian-born drummer, comedian and actor Steve Huison (born 1962), British actor Steve "Silk" Hurley (born 1962), American club DJ, producer, and songwriter Steve Ishmael (born 1995), American football player Steve Irwin (disambiguation), several people Steve Jackson (disambiguation), several people Steve Jobs (1955–2011), American entrepreneur and co-founder of Apple Inc Steve Johnson (disambiguation), several people Steve Jones (disambiguation), several people Steve Jordan (disambiguation), several people Steve Julian (1958–2016), American radio broadcaster, actor, and playwright Steve Kangas (1961–1999), American journalist, political activist, and chess teacher Steve Kaplan, American-Israeli basketball player Steve Kazee (born 1975), American actor and singer Steve Kearns (born 1956), Canadian football player Steve Keirn (born 1951), American retired professional wrestler Steve Kekana (1958–2021), South African singer/songwriter Steve Kelley, American editorial cartoonist, comic strip creator, comedian, and writer Steve Kenyon (born 1951), English long-distance runner Steve King (born 1949), American politician and businessman Steve Klein, several people Steve Knapp (born 1964), American IndyCar driver Steve Komphela (born 1967), South African association footballer Steve Kowit (1938–2015), American poet, essayist, educator, and human-rights advocate Steve Krisiloff (born 1946), American racing driver Steve Krulevitz (born 1951), American tennis player Steve Kubby (1946–2022), Libertarian Party activist Steve Kuhn (born 1938), American pianist, composer, arranger, bandleader, and educator Steve Lacy (disambiguation), several people Steve Landesberg (1936–2010), American actor and comedian Steve J. Langdon (born 1948), American anthropologist Steve Largent (born 1954), American football player and politician Steve Lawler (wrestler) (1965–2021), American wrestler and trainer Steve Lekoelea (born 1979), South African association footballer Steve Lemmens (1972–2016), Belgian snooker player Steve Leung (born 1957), Hong Kong architect and designer Steve Light (born 1970), author and illustrator of children's books Steve Lightfoot, a British television writer and producer Steve Lightle (1959–2

Weather

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. 　On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere, the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. 　Weather refers to day-to-day temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. 　When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth. 　Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature, and moisture differences between one place and another. 　These differences can occur due to the Sun's angle at any particular spot, which varies with latitude. 　The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale atmospheric circulations: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, the polar cell, and the jet stream. 　Weather systems in the middle latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet streamflow. 　Because Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane (called the ecliptic), sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. 　On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 104 °F) annually. 　Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change. 　Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. 　Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes, as most atmospheric heating is due to contact with the Earth's surface while radiative losses to space are mostly constant. 　Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. 　Earth's weather system is a chaotic system; as a result, small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. 　Human attempts to control the weather have occurred throughout history, and there is evidence that human activities such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth. 　A famous landmark in the Solar System, Jupiter's Great Red Spot, is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. 　However, the weather is not limited to planetary bodies. 　A star's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. 　The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind.

Height

Height is measure of vertical distance, either vertical extent (how "tall" something or someone is) or vertical position (how "high" a point is). 　For example, "The height of that building is 50 m" or "The height of an airplane in-flight is about 10,000 m". 　For example, "Christopher Columbus is 5 foot 2 inches in vertical height." 　When the term is used to describe vertical position (of, e.g., an airplane) from sea level, height is more often called altitude. 　Furthermore, if the point is attached to the Earth (e.g., a mountain peak), then altitude (height above sea level) is called elevation. 　In a two-dimensional Cartesian space, height is measured along the vertical axis (y) between a specific point and another that does not have the same y-value. 　If both points happen to have the same y-value, then their relative height is zero. 　In the case of three-dimensional space, height is measured along the vertical z axis, describing a distance from (or "above") the x-y plane.

Display (zoology)

Display behaviour is a set of ritualized behaviours that enable an animal to communicate to other animals (typically of the same species) about specific stimuli. 　These ritualized behaviours can be visual however many animals depend on a mixture of visual, audio, tactical and/or chemical signals as well. 　Evolution has tailored these stereotyped behaviours to allow animals to communicate both conspecifically and interspecifically which allows for a broader connection in different niches in an ecosystem. 　It is connected to sexual selection and survival of the species in various ways. 　Typically, display behaviour is used for courtship between two animals and to signal to the female that a viable male is ready to mate. 　In other instances, species may exhibit territorial display behaviour, in order to preserve a foraging or hunting territory for its family or group. 　A third form is exhibited by tournament species in which males will fight in order to gain the 'right' to breed. 　Animals from a broad range of evolutionary hierarchies avail of display behaviours - from invertebrates such as the simple jumping spider to the more complex vertebrates like the harbour seal.

Alliance

An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. 　Members of an alliance are called allies. 　Alliances form in many settings, including political alliances, military alliances, and business alliances. 　When the term is used in the context of war or armed struggle, such associations may also be called allied powers, especially when discussing World War I or World War II. 　A formal military alliance is not required for being perceived as an ally—co-belligerence, fighting alongside someone, is enough. 　According to this usage, allies become so not when concluding an alliance treaty but when struck by war. 　When spelled with a capital "A", "Allies" usually denotes the countries who fought together against the Central Powers in World War I (the Allies of World War I), or those who fought against the Axis Powers in World War II (the Allies of World War II). 　The term has also been used by the United States Army to describe the countries that gave assistance to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. 　The Allied Powers in World War I (also known as the Entente Powers) were initially the United Kingdom, France, the Russian Empire, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro and Japan, joined later by Italy, Portugal, Romania, the United States, Greece and Brazil. 　Some, such as the Russian Empire, withdrew from the war before the armistice due to revolution or defeat. 　After the end of World War II and during the Cold War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed as a political and military alliance that promotes anti-communist values. 　More recently, the term "Allied forces" has also been used to describe the coalition of the Gulf War, as opposed to forces the Multi-National Forces in Iraq which are commonly referred to as "Coalition forces" or, as by the George W. Bush administration, "the coalition of the willing".

Formula

In science, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical formula or a chemical formula. 　The informal use of the term formula in science refers to the general construct of a relationship between given quantities. 　The plural of formula can be either formulas (from the most common English plural noun form) or, under the influence of scientific Latin, formulae (from the original Latin).

Housing

Housing, or more generally, living spaces, refers to the construction and assigned usage of houses or buildings individually or collectively, for the purpose of shelter. 　Housing ensures that members of society have a place to live, whether it is a home or some other kind of dwelling, lodging or shelter. 　Many governments have one or more housing authorities, sometimes also called a housing ministry or housing department. 　Housing in many different areas consists of public, social and private housing. 　In the United States, it was not until the 19th and 20th century that there was a lot more government involvement in housing. 　It was mainly aimed at helping those who were poor in the community.　[citation needed] Public housing provides help and assistance to those who are poor and mainly low-income earners. 　A study report shows that there are many individuals living in public housing. 　There are over 1.2 million families or households. 　These types of housing were built mainly to provide people, mainly those who are low-income and elderly, with safe, affordable, and good housing units. 　There are many people who are a part of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). 　When counting, there are over nine hundred thousand participants in this program.

Wine

Wine is an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes. 　Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. 　Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are major factors in different styles of wine. 　These differences result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the grape's growing environment (terroir), and the wine production process. 　Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine. 　These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. 　Wines not made from grapes involve fermentation of other crops including rice wine and other fruit wines such as plum, cherry, pomegranate, blueberry, currant and elderberry. 　Wine has been produced for thousands of years. 　The earliest evidence of wine is from the Caucasus region in today's Georgia (6000 BCE), Persia (5000 BCE), Italy and Armenia (4000 BCE). 　New World wine has some connection to alcoholic beverages made by the indigenous peoples of the Americas, but is mainly connected to later Spanish traditions in New Spain. 　Later, as Old World wine further developed viticulture techniques, Europe would encompass three of the largest wine-producing regions. 　Today, the five countries with the largest wine producing regions are in Italy, Spain, France, the United States, and China. 　Wine has long played an important role in religion. 　Red wine was associated with blood by the ancient Egyptians and was used by both the Greek cult of Dionysus and the Romans in their Bacchanalia; Judaism also incorporates it in the Kiddush, and Christianity in the Eucharist. 　Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Israeli wine cultures are still connected to these ancient roots. 　Similarly the largest wine regions in Italy, Spain, and France have heritages in connection to sacramental wine, likewise, viticulture traditions in the Southwestern United States started within New Spain as Catholic friars and monks first produced wines in New Mexico and California.

Oxford

Oxford (/ˈɒksfərd/) is a city in England. 　It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. 　In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. 　It is 56 miles (90 km) north-west of London, 64 miles (103 km) south-east of Birmingham and 61 miles (98 km) north-east of Bristol. 　The city is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo-Saxon. 　Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, information technology and science.

Shit

Shit is an English-language profanity. 　As a noun, it refers to fecal matter, and as a verb it means to defecate; in the plural ("the shits"), it means diarrhea. 　Shite is a common variant in British and Irish English. 　As a slang term, shit has many meanings, including: nonsense, foolishness, something of little value or quality, trivial and usually boastful or inaccurate talk or a contemptible person. 　It could also be used to refer to any other noun in general or as an expression of annoyance, surprise or anger.

Philadelphia

Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the second largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. 　It is one of the most historically significant cities in the United States, and once served as the nation's capital city until 1800. 　The city's population at the 2020 census was 1,603,797, and over 56 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of Philadelphia. 　Since 1854, the city has been coextensive with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the Delaware Valley, the nation's seventh-largest and one of the world's largest metropolitan regions with 6.245 million residents in 2020. 　Philadelphia is known both for its extensive contributions to American history and for its role in the life sciences, business and industry, art, literature, and music. 　Philadelphia was founded in 1682 by William Penn, an English Quaker and advocate of religious freedom. 　The city served as the capital of the Pennsylvania Colony during the British colonial era and went on to play a historic and vital role as the central meeting place for the nation's founding fathers whose plans and actions in Philadelphia ultimately inspired the American Revolution and the nation's independence. 　Philadelphia hosted the First Continental Congress in 1774 following the Boston Tea Party, preserved the Liberty Bell, and hosted the Second Continental Congress during which the founders signed the Declaration of Independence, which historian Joseph Ellis has described as "the most potent and consequential words in American history". 　Once the Revolutionary War commenced, both the Battle of Germantown and the siege of Fort Mifflin were fought within Philadelphia's city limits. 　The U.S. Constitution was later ratified in Philadelphia at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. 　Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until 1790, when it was surpassed by New York City, and served as the nation's first capital from May 10, 1775, until December 12, 1776, and on four subsequent occasions during and following the American Revolution, including from 1790 to 1800 while the new national capital of Washington, D.C., was under construction. 　With 18 four-year universities and colleges, Philadelphia is one of the nation's leading centers for higher education and academic research. 　As of 2021[update], the Philadelphia metropolitan area was the state's largest and nation's ninth-largest metropolitan economy with a gross metropolitan product of US$479 billion. 　The city is home to five Fortune 500 corporate headquarters as of 2022. 　The Philadelphia skyline, which includes several globally renowned commercial skyscrapers, is expanding, primarily with new residential high-rise condominiums. 　Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley are a biotechnology and venture capital hub; and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, owned by NASDAQ, is the nation's oldest stock exchange and a global leader in options trading. 　30th Street Station, the city's primary rail station, is the third-busiest Amtrak hub in the nation, and the city's multimodal transport and logistics infrastructure, including Philadelphia International Airport, the PhilaPort seaport, freight rail infrastructure, roadway traffic capacity, and warehouse storage space, are all expanding. 　Philadelphia is a national cultural center, hosting more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other city in the nation. 　Fairmount Park, when combined with adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed, is 2,052 acres (830 ha), representing one of the nation's largest and the world's 45th-largest urban park. 　The city is known for its arts, culture, cuisine, and colonial and Revolution-era history; in 2016, it attracted 42 million domestic tourists who spent $6.8 billion, representing $11 billion in economic impact to the city and its surrounding Pennsylvania counties. 　With five professional sports teams and one of the nation's most loyal fan bases, Philadelphia is often ranked as the nation's best city for professional sports fans. 　The city has a culturally and philanthropically active LGBTQ+ community. 　Philadelphia also has played an immensely influential historic and ongoing role in the development and evolution of American music, especially R&B, soul, and rock. 　Philadelphia is a city of many firsts, including the nation's first library (1731), hospital (1751), medical school (1765), national capital (1774), university (by some accounts) (1779), stock exchange (1790), zoo (1874), and business school (1881). 　Philadelphia contains 67 National Historic Landmarks, including Independence Hall. 　From the city's 17th century founding through the present, Philadelphia has been the birthplace or home to an extensive number of prominent and influential Americans. 　In 2021, Time magazine named Philadelphia one of the world's greatest 100 places.

Christmas

Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. 　A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night. 　Christmas Day is a public holiday in many countries, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally by many non-Christians, and forms an integral part of the holiday season organized around it. 　The traditional Christmas narrative recounted in the New Testament, known as the Nativity of Jesus, says that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, in accordance with messianic prophecies. 　When Joseph and Mary arrived in the city, the inn had no room and so they were offered a stable where the Christ Child was soon born, with angels proclaiming this news to shepherds who then spread the word. 　There are different hypotheses regarding the date of Jesus' birth and in the early fourth century, the church fixed the date as December 25. 　This corresponds to the traditional date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar. 　It is exactly nine months after Annunciation on March 25, also the date of the spring equinox. 　Most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar, which has been adopted almost universally in the civil calendars used in countries throughout the world. 　However, part of the Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar. 　For Christians, believing that God came into the world in the form of man to atone for the sins of humanity, rather than knowing Jesus' exact birth date, is considered to be the primary purpose in celebrating Christmas. 　The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins. 　Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift giving; completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath; Christmas music and caroling; viewing a Nativity play; an exchange of Christmas cards; church services; a special meal; and the display of various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. 　In addition, several closely related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore. 　Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. 　Over the past few centuries, Christmas has had a steadily growing economic effect in many regions of the world.

Apparently

"Apparently" is a song by North Carolina rapper J. Cole, released on December 9, 2014 as the lead single from his third studio album, 2014 Forest Hills Drive. 　The song samples "La Morte Dell'ermina" by Filippo Trecca, and was produced by J. Cole. 　The song has since peaked at number 58 and 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts, respectively. 　The song was nominated for Best Rap Performance for the 2016 Grammys.

Failure

Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. 　The criteria for failure depends on context, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. 　One person might consider a failure what another person considers a success, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-sum game. 　Similarly, the degree of success or failure in a situation may be differently viewed by distinct observers or participants, such that a situation that one considers to be a failure, another might consider to be a success, a qualified success or a neutral situation. 　It may also be difficult or impossible to ascertain whether a situation meets criteria for failure or success due to ambiguous or ill-defined definition of those criteria. 　Finding useful and effective criteria, or heuristics, to judge the success or failure of a situation may itself be a significant task.

Uncle

An uncle is usually defined as a male relative who is a sibling of a parent or married to a sibling of a parent. 　Uncles who are related by birth are second-degree relatives. 　The female counterpart of an uncle is an aunt, and the reciprocal relationship is that of a nephew or niece. 　The word comes from Latin: avunculus, the diminutive of avus (grandfather), and is a family relationship within an extended or immediate family. 　In some cultures and families, children may refer to the cousins of their parents as uncle (or aunt). 　It is also used as a title of respect for older relatives, neighbours, acquaintances, family friends, and even total strangers in some cultures, for example Aboriginal Australian elders. 　Using the term in this way is a form of fictive kinship. 　Any social institution where a special relationship exists between a man and his sisters' children is known as an avunculate (or avunculism or avuncularism). 　This relationship can be formal or informal, depending on the society. 　Early anthropological research focused on the association between the avunculate and matrilineal descent, while later research has expanded to consider the avunculate in general society.

Piano

The Well-Tempered Clavier, first prelude of Book I Played by Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka Problems playing this file? 　See media help. 　The piano is a stringed keyboard instrument in which the strings are struck by wooden hammers that are coated with a softer material (modern hammers are covered with dense wool felt; some early pianos used leather). 　It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys (small levers) that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. 　It was invented in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori around the year 1700.

Treaty

A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. 　It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations, individuals, business entities, and other legal persons. 　A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. 　However, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. 　Treaties vary on the basis of obligations (the extent to which states are bound to the rules), precision (the extent to which the rules are unambiguous), and delegation (the extent to which third parties have authority to interpret, apply and make rules). 　Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations, with the first known example being a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. 　International agreements were used in some form by most major civilizations, growing in both sophistication and number during the early modern era. 　The early 19th century saw developments in diplomacy, foreign policy, and international law reflected by the widespread use of treaties. 　The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties codified these practices, setting forth guidelines and rules for creating, amending, interpreting, and terminating treaties and for resolving disputes and alleged breaches. 　Treaties are roughly analogous to contracts in that they establish the rights and binding obligations of the parties. 　They vary significantly in form, substance, and complexity and govern a wide variety of matters, such as security, trade, environment, and human rights. 　Treaties may be bilateral (between two countries) or multilateral (involving more than two countries). 　They may also be used to establish international institutions, such as the International Criminal Court and the United Nations, for which they often provide a governing framework. 　Treaties serve as primary sources of international law and have codified or established most international legal principles since the early 20th century. 　Notwithstanding the Law of Treaties and customary international law, treaties are not required to follow any standard form. 　Nevertheless, all valid treaties must comply with the legal principle of pacta sunt servanda (Latin: "agreements must be kept"), under which parties are committed to perform their duties and honor their agreements in good faith. 　A treaty may also be invalidated, and thus rendered unenforceable, if it violates a preemptory norm (jus cogens), such as permitting a war of aggression or crimes against humanity.