The

The (/ðə, ðiː/ (listen)) is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. 　It is the definite article in English. 　The is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. 　It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with pronouns of any gender. 　The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. 　This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers.

A

A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. 　Its name in English is a (pronounced /ˈeɪ/), plural aes. 　It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. 　The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. 　The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. 　The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type. 　In English grammar, "a", and its variant "an", are indefinite articles.

That

That is an English language word used for several grammatical purposes. 　These include use as an adjective, conjunction, pronoun, adverb, and intensifier; it has distance from the speaker, as opposed to words like this. 　The word did not originally exist in Old English, and its concept was represented by þe. 　Once it came into being, it was spelt as þæt (among others, such as þet), taking the role of the modern that. 　It also took on the role of the modern word what, though this has since changed, and that has recently replaced some usage of the modern which. 　Pronunciation of the word varies according to its role within a sentence, with two main varieties (a strong and a weak form), though there are also regional differences, such as where the /ð/ sound is substituted instead by a /d/ in English spoken in Cameroon.

Were

Look up wer#English in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Were and wer are archaic terms for adult male humans and were often used for alliteration with wife as "were and wife" in Germanic-speaking cultures (Old English: wer, Old Dutch: wer, Gothic: waír, Old Frisian: wer, Old Saxon: wer, Old High German: wer, Old Norse: verr). 　In Anglo-Saxon law wer was the value of a man's life. 　He could be required to pay his wer to the king as a penalty for crime. 　If he was murdered then his relatives were entitled to his wergild as compensation from the murderer.

T

This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. 　Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters. 　T, or t, is the twentieth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. 　Its name in English is tee (pronounced /ˈtiː/), plural tees. 　It is derived from the Semitic Taw 𐤕 of the Phoenician and Paleo-Hebrew script (Aramaic and Hebrew Taw ת/𐡕/, Syriac Taw ܬ, and Arabic ت Tāʼ) via the Greek letter τ (tau). 　In English, it is most commonly used to represent the voiceless alveolar plosive, a sound it also denotes in the International Phonetic Alphabet. 　It is the most commonly used consonant and the second-most commonly used letter in English-language texts.

Me (mythology)

In Sumerian mythology, a me (𒈨; Sumerian: me; Akkadian: paršu) is one of the decrees of the divine that is foundational to those social institutions, religious practices, technologies, behaviors, mores, and human conditions that make civilization, as the Sumerians understood it, possible. 　They are fundamental to the Sumerian understanding of the relationship between humanity and the gods.

Time

Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. 　It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience. 　Time is often referred to as a fourth dimension, along with three spatial dimensions. 　Time has long been an important subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. 　Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems. 　Time in physics is operationally defined as "what a clock reads". 　The physical nature of time is addressed by general relativity with respect to events in spacetime. 　Examples of events are the collision of two particles, the explosion of a supernova, or the arrival of a rocket ship. 　Every event can be assigned four numbers representing its time and position (the event's coordinates). 　However, the numerical values are different for different observers. 　In general relativity, the question of what time it is now only has meaning relative to a particular observer. 　Distance and time are intimately related, and the time required for light to travel a specific distance is the same for all observers, as first publicly demonstrated by Michelson and Morley. 　General relativity does not address the nature of time for extremely small intervals where quantum mechanics holds. 　At this time, there is no generally accepted theory of quantum general relativity. 　Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units (SI) and International System of Quantities. 　The SI base unit of time is the second, which is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms. 　Time is used to define other quantities, such as velocity, so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. 　An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. 　To describe observations of an event, a location (position in space) and time are typically noted. 　The operational definition of time does not address what the fundamental nature of time is. 　It does not address why events can happen forward and backward in space, whereas events only happen in the forward progress of time. 　Investigations into the relationship between space and time led physicists to define the spacetime continuum. 　General relativity is the primary framework for understanding how spacetime works. 　Through advances in both theoretical and experimental investigations of spacetime, it has been shown that time can be distorted and dilated, particularly at the edges of black holes. 　Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. 　Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. 　Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, and the swing of a pendulum. 　Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value ("time is money") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans. 　There are many systems for determining what time it is, including the Global Positioning System, other satellite systems, Coordinated Universal Time and mean solar time. 　In general, the numbers obtained from different time systems differ from one another.

Than

Look up than in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Than is a grammatical particle analyzed as both a conjunction and a preposition in the English language. 　It introduces a comparison and is associated with comparatives and with words such as more, less, and fewer. 　Typically, it measures the force of an adjective or similar description between two predicates.

Before

Look up before in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Before is the opposite of after, and may refer to: Before (Gold Panda EP), 2009 Before (James Blake EP), 2020 "Before" (song), a 1996 song by the Pet Shop Boys "Before", a song by the Empire of the Sun from Two Vines "Before", a song by Anastacia from Evolution "Before" (short story) by Gael Baudino The Before film trilogy by Richard Linklater Before Sunrise, 1995 Before Sunset, 2004 Before Midnight (2013 film)

Well

A well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, or drilling to access liquid resources, usually water. 　The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access groundwater in underground aquifers. 　The well water is drawn up by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets or large water bags that are raised mechanically or by hand. 　Water can also be injected back into the aquifer through the well. 　Wells were first constructed at least eight thousand years ago and historically vary in construction from a simple scoop in the sediment of a dry watercourse to the qanats of Iran, and the stepwells and sakiehs of India. 　Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability, and linings of wood or wickerwork date back at least as far as the Iron Age. 　Wells have traditionally been sunk by hand digging, as is still the case in rural areas of the developing world. 　These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour, and the structure can be lined with brick or stone as the excavation proceeds. 　A more modern method called caissoning uses pre-cast reinforced concrete well rings that are lowered into the hole. 　Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. 　Deeper wells can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a bit in a borehole. 　Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of steel or plastic. 　Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells. 　Two broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath. 　A collector well can be constructed adjacent to a freshwater lake or stream with water percolating through the intervening material. 　The site of a well can be selected by a hydrogeologist, or groundwater surveyor. 　Water may be pumped or hand drawn. 　Impurities from the surface can easily reach shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogens or chemical contaminants needs to be avoided. 　Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require treatment before being potable. 　Soil salination can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. 　Another environmental problem is the potential for methane to seep into the water.

Will (sociology)

In sociology, will is a concept introduced by Ferdinand Tönnies in "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft", 1887. 　Tönnies' approach was very much indebted to Spinoza's dictum voluntas atque intellectus unum et idem sunt ("will as well as ratio are one and the same"), and to Arthur Schopenhauer. 　Tönnies saw a fundamental cleavage between "essential will" (Wesenwille) creating community (Gemeinschaft), and "arbitrary will" (Kürwille), creating society (Gesellschaft) - see Ferdinand Tönnies.

May

May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the third of seven months to have a length of 31 days. 　May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. 　Therefore, May in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of November in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. 　Late May typically marks the start of the summer vacation season in the United States (Memorial Day) and Canada (Victoria Day) that ends on Labor Day, the first Monday of September. 　May (in Latin, Maius) was named for the Greek goddess Maia, who was identified with the Roman era goddess of fertility, Bona Dea, whose festival was held in May. 　Conversely, the Roman poet Ovid provides a second etymology, in which he says that the month of May is named for the maiores, Latin for "elders," and that the following month (June) is named for the iuniores, or "young people" (Fasti VI.88). 　Eta Aquariids meteor shower appears in May. 　It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 　6. The Arietids shower from May 22 – July 2, and peaks on June 　7. The Virginids also shower at various dates in May.

While

Look up while or whilst in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　While is a word in the English language that functions both as a noun and as a subordinating conjunction. 　Its meaning varies largely based on its intended function, position in the phrase and even the writer or speaker's regional dialect. 　As a conjunction, it is synonymous with the word whilst, a form often considered archaic in American English, as well as in some style guides on both sides of the Atlantic.

School

A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. 　Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compulsory. 　In these systems, students progress through a series of schools. 　The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the Regional terms section below) but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. 　An institution where higher education is taught is commonly called a university college or university. 　In addition to these core schools, students in a given country may also attend schools before and after primary (elementary in the U.S.) and secondary (middle school in the U.S.) education. 　Kindergarten or preschool provide some schooling to very young children (typically ages 3–5). 　University, vocational school, college or seminary may be available after secondary school. 　A school may be dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of economics or dance. 　Alternative schools may provide nontraditional curriculum and methods. 　Non-government schools, also known as private schools, may be required when the government does not supply adequate or specific educational needs. 　Other private schools can also be religious, such as Christian schools, gurukula (Hindu schools), madrasa (Arabic schools), hawzas (Shi'i Muslim schools), yeshivas (Jewish schools), and others; or schools that have a higher standard of education or seek to foster other personal achievements. 　Schools for adults include institutions of corporate training, military education and training and business schools. 　Critics of school often accuse the school system of failing to adequately prepare students for their future lives, of encouraging certain temperaments while inhibiting others, of prescribing students exactly what to do, how, when, where and with whom, which would suppress creativity, and of using extrinsic measures such as grades and homework, which would inhibit children's natural curiosity and desire to learn. 　In homeschooling and distance education, teaching and learning take place independent from the institution of school or in a virtual school outside a traditional school building, respectively. 　Schools are organized in several different organizational models, including departmental, small learning communities, academies, integrated, and schools-within-a-school.

World

In its most general sense, the term "world" refers to the totality of entities, to the whole of reality or to everything that is. 　The nature of the world has been conceptualized differently in different fields. 　Some conceptions see the world as unique while others talk of a "plurality of worlds". 　Some treat the world as one simple object while others analyze the world as a complex made up of many parts. 　In scientific cosmology the world or universe is commonly defined as "[t]he totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be". 　Theories of modality, on the other hand, talk of possible worlds as complete and consistent ways how things could have been. 　Phenomenology, starting from the horizon of co-given objects present in the periphery of every experience, defines the world as the biggest horizon or the "horizon of all horizons". 　In philosophy of mind, the world is commonly contrasted with the mind as that which is represented by the mind. 　Theology conceptualizes the world in relation to God, for example, as God's creation, as identical to God or as the two being interdependent. 　In religions, there is often a tendency to downgrade the material or sensory world in favor of a spiritual world to be sought through religious practice. 　A comprehensive representation of the world and our place in it, as is commonly found in religions, is known as a worldview. 　Cosmogony is the field that studies the origin or creation of the world while eschatology refers to the science or doctrine of the last things or of the end of the world. 　In various contexts, the term "world" takes a more restricted meaning associated, for example, with the Earth and all life on it, with humanity as a whole or with an international or intercontinental scope. 　In this sense, world history refers to the history of humanity as a whole or world politics is the discipline of political science studying issues that transcend nations and continents. 　Other examples include terms such as "world religion", "world language", "world government", "world war", "world population", "world economy" or "world championship".

Down

Look up Down, down, or down- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 　Down most often refers to: Down, the relative direction opposed to up Down (gridiron football), in American/Canadian football, a period when one play takes place Down feather, a soft bird feather used in bedding and clothing Downland, a type of hill Down may also refer to:

Year

A year is the orbital period of a planetary body, for example, the Earth, moving in its orbit around the Sun. 　Due to the Earth's axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by change in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. 　In temperate and subpolar regions around the planet, four seasons are generally recognized: spring, summer, autumn and winter. 　In tropical and subtropical regions, several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons; but in the seasonal tropics, the annual wet and dry seasons are recognized and tracked. 　A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth's orbital period, as counted in a given calendar. 　The Gregorian calendar, or modern calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days, as do the Julian calendars. 　For the Gregorian calendar, the average length of the calendar year (the mean year) across the complete leap cycle of 400 years is 365.2425 days (97 out of 400 years are leap years). 　In English, the unit of time for year is commonly abbreviated as "y" or "yr". 　The symbol "a" is more common in scientific literature, though its exact duration may be inconsistent. 　In astronomy, the Julian year is a unit of time defined as 365.25 days of exactly 86,400 seconds (SI base unit), totalling exactly 31,557,600 seconds in the Julian astronomical year. 　The word year is also used for periods loosely associated with, but not identical to, the calendar or astronomical year, such as the seasonal year, the fiscal year, the academic year, etc. 　Similarly, year can mean the orbital period of any planet; for example, a Martian year and a Venusian year are examples of the time a planet takes to transit one complete orbit. 　The term can also be used in reference to any long period or cycle, such as the Great Year.

People

A people is any plurality of persons considered as a whole. 　Used in politics and law it is a term to refer to the collective or community of an ethnic group, a nation, to the public or common mass of people of a polity. 　As such it is a concept of human rights law, international law as well as constitutional law, particularly used for claims of popular sovereignty.

University

A university (from Latin universitas 'a whole') is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. 　Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. 　In the United States, the designation is reserved for colleges that have a graduate school. 　The word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". 　The first universities in Europe were established by Catholic Church monks. 　The University of Bologna (Università di Bologna), Italy, which was founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of: Being a high degree-awarding institute. 　Having independence from the ecclesiastic schools, although conducted by both clergy and non-clergy. 　Using the word universitas (which was coined at its foundation). 　Issuing secular and non-secular degrees: grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon law, notarial law.

City

A city is a human settlement of notable size. 　It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. 　Cities generally have extensive systems for housing, transportation, sanitation, utilities, land use, production of goods, and communication. 　Their density facilitates interaction between people, government organisations and businesses, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process, such as improving efficiency of goods and service distribution. 　Historically, city-dwellers have been a small proportion of humanity overall, but following two centuries of unprecedented and rapid urbanization, more than half of the world population now lives in cities, which has had profound consequences for global sustainability. 　Present-day cities usually form the core of larger metropolitan areas and urban areas—creating numerous commuters traveling towards city centres for employment, entertainment, and education. 　However, in a world of intensifying globalization, all cities are to varying degrees also connected globally beyond these regions. 　This increased influence means that cities also have significant influences on global issues, such as sustainable development, global warming, and global health. 　Because of these major influences on global issues, the international community has prioritized investment in sustainable cities through Sustainable Development Goal 11. 　Due to the efficiency of transportation and the smaller land consumption, dense cities hold the potential to have a smaller ecological footprint per inhabitant than more sparsely populated areas. 　Therefore, compact cities are often referred to as a crucial element of fighting climate change. 　However, this concentration can also have significant negative consequences, such as forming urban heat islands, concentrating pollution, and stressing water supplies and other resources. 　Other important traits of cities besides population include the capital status and relative continued occupation of the city. 　For example, country capitals such as Beijing, London, Mexico City, Moscow, Nairobi, New Delhi, Paris, Rome, Athens, Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo, Manila, and Washington, D.C. reflect the identity and apex of their respective nations. 　Some historic capitals, such as Kyoto and Xi'an, maintain their reflection of cultural identity even without modern capital status. 　Religious holy sites offer another example of capital status within a religion, Jerusalem, Mecca, Varanasi, Ayodhya, Haridwar and Prayagraj each hold significance.

E

E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. 　Its name in English is e (pronounced /ˈiː/); plural ees, Es or E's. 　It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.

Second

The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as 1⁄86400 of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). 　The current and formal definition in the International System of Units (SI) is more precise: The second [...] is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency, ΔνCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1. 　This current definition was adopted in 1967 when it became feasible to define the second based on fundamental properties of nature with caesium clocks. 　Because the speed of Earth's rotation varies and is slowing ever so slightly, a leap second is added at irregular intervals to civil time to keep clocks in sync with Earth's rotation.

Day

A day is the time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. 　On average, this is 24 hours, 1440 minutes, or 86,400 seconds. 　In everyday life, the word "day" often refers to a solar day, which is the length between two solar noons or times the Sun reaches the highest point. 　The word "day" may also refer to daytime, a time period when the location receives direct and indirect sunlight. 　On Earth, as a location passes through its day, it experiences morning, noon, afternoon, evening, and night. 　The effect of a day is vital to many life processes, which is called the circadian rhythm. 　A collection of sequential days is organized into calendars as dates, almost always into weeks, months and years. 　Most calendars' arrangement of dates use either or both the Sun with its four seasons (solar calendar) or the Moon's phasing (lunar calendar). 　The start of a day is commonly accepted as roughly the time of the middle of the night or midnight, written as 00:00 or 12:00 am in 24- or 12-hour clocks, respectively. 　Because the time of midnight varies between locations, time zones are set up to facilitate the use of a uniform standard time. 　Midnight is not the only convention used to determine the start of a new day. 　Other defining moments have been used throughout history, and some are used even today, such as with the Jewish religious calendar, which counts days from sunset to sunset, so the Jewish Sabbath begins at sundown on Friday. 　Astronomers also have a convention where their day begins at high noon. 　This way, all of their observations throughout a single night are recorded as happening on the same day. 　This method removes ambiguity of a particular observation happening on a calendar day, eliminating the need to further determine which night it happened on. 　Because when using midnight as the start of day, each calendar day is associated with two separate night periods. 　In specific applications, the definition of a day is slightly modified, such as in the ISQ day (exactly 86,400 seconds) used for computers and standards keeping, local mean time accounting of the Earth's natural fluctuation of a solar day, and stellar day and sidereal day (using the celestial sphere) used for astronomy. 　In most countries outside of the tropics, daylight saving time is practiced, and each year there will be one 23-hour civil day and one 25-hour civil day. 　Due to slight variations in the rotation of the Earth, there are rare times when a leap second will get inserted at the end of a UTC day, and so while almost all days have a duration of 86,400 seconds, there are these exceptional cases of a day with 86,401 seconds (in the half-century spanning 1972 through 2022, there have been a total of 27 leap seconds that have been inserted, so roughly once every other year).

Film

A film – also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick – is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images. 　These images are generally accompanied by sound and, more rarely, other sensory stimulations. 　The word "cinema", short for cinematography, is often used to refer to filmmaking and the film industry, and to the art form that is the result of it.